CSI REFERENCES



These references come primarily from Schultz and Schumacher (1999), although those in red have been added since the publication of that paper.

Updated 1/4/05.


Arbogast, P., and A. Joly, 1998: Potential vorticity inversion of a two-dimensional steady flow: Application to symmetric instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 317-339.

Balasubramanian, G., and M. K. Yau, 1995: Explosive marine cyclogenesis in a three-layer model with a representation of slantwise convection: A sensitivity study. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 533-550.

Baik, J.-J., M. C. McCumber, V. M. Karyampudi, and S. E. Koch, 1992: Cold-frontal rainband simulations using hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models with explicit ice-phase microphysics. Proceedings, 11th International Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Montreal, Canada, ICCP and IAMAP, 617-619.

Baldwin, D., E.-Y. Hsie, R. A. Anthes, 1984: Diagnostic studies of a two-dimensional simulation of frontogenesis in a moist atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2686-2700.

Barnes, S. L., F. Caracena, and A. Marroquin, 1996: Extracting synoptic-scale diagnostic information from mesoscale models: The Eta model, gravity waves, and quasigeostrophic diagnostics. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 519-528.

Bélair, S., D.-L. Zhang, and J. Mailhot, 1995: Numerical prediction of an intense convective system associated with the July 1987 Montreal flood. Part II: A trailing stratiform rainband. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 475-500.

Bennetts, D. A., and B. J. Hoskins, 1979: Conditional symmetric instability - a possible explanation for frontal rainbands. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 945-962.

Bennetts, D. A., and J. C. Sharp, 1982: The relevance of conditional symmetric instability to the prediction of mesoscale frontal rainbands. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 595-602.

Bennetts, D. A., and P. Ryder, 1984: A study of mesoscale convective bands behind cold fronts. Part I: Mesoscale organization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 121-145.

Bennetts, D. A., J. R. Grant, and E. McCallum, 1988: An introductory review of fronts. Part I: Theory and observations. Meteor. Mag., 117, 357-370.

Black, R. A., and J. Hallett, 1998: The mystery of cloud electrification. American Scientist, 86, 526-534.

Black, R. A., H. B. Bluestein, and M. L. Black, 1994: Unusually strong vertical motions in a Caribbean hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2722-2739.

Blanchard, D. O., W. R. Cotton, and J. M. Brown, 1998: Mesoscale circulation growth under conditions of weak inertial instability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 118-140.

Bluestein, H. B., 1986: Fronts and jet streaks: A theoretical perspective. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 173-215.

Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Volume II: Observations and Theory of Weather Systems. Oxford University Press, 594 pp.

Bond, N. A., B. F. Smull, M. T. Stoelinga, C. P. Woods, and A. Haase, 2005: Evolution of a cold front encountering steep quasi-2D terrain: Coordinated aircraft observations on 8-9 December 2001 during IMPROVE-2. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3559-3579.

Braun, S. A., 2002: A cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991): Storm structure and eyewall buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1573-1592.

Braun, S. A., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1996: The heat budget of a midlatitude squall line and implications for potential vorticity production. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1217-1240.

Braun, S. A., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1997: The evolution of the 10-11 June 1985 PRE-STORM squall line: Initiation, development of rear inflow, and dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 478-504.

Browning, K. A., M. E. Hardman, T. W. Harrold, and C. W. Pardoe, 1973: The structure of rainbands within a mid-latitude depression. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 215-231.

Browning, K. A., and C.-G. Wang, 2002: Cloud-top striations above ana-cold frontal circulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 477-499.

Browning, K. A., D. Chapman, and R. S. Dixon, 2001: Stacked slantwise convective circulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2513-2536.

Busse, F. H., and W. L. Chen, 1981: On the (nearly) symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 877-880.

Byrd, G. P., 1989: A composite analysis of winter season overrunning precipitation bands over the Southern Plains of the United States. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1119-1132.

Cao, Z., and H.-R. Cho, 1995: Generation of moist potential vorticity in extratropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3263-3281.

Chan, D. S. T., and H.-R. Cho, 1989: Meso-b-scale potential vorticity anomalies and rainbands. Part I: Adiabatic dynamics of potential vorticity anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1713-1723.

Chen, C., W.-K. Tao, P.-L. Lin, G. S. Lai, S.-F. Tseng, and T.-C. C. Wang, 1998: The intensification of the low-level jet during the development of mesoscale convective systems on a mei-yu front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 349-371.

Cho, H.-R., and Z. Cao, 1998: Generation of moist potential vorticity in extratropical cyclones. Part II: Sensitivity to moisture distribution. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 595-610.

Cho, H.-R., and D. Chan, 1991: Meso-b scale potential vorticity anomalies and rainbands Part II: Moist model simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 331-341.

Clough, S. A., and R. A. A. Franks, 1991: The evaporation of frontal and other stratiform precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1057-1080.

Colle, B. A., 2003: Numerical simulations of the extratropical transition of Floyd (1999): Structural evolution and responsible mechanisms for the heavy rainfall over the northeast United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2905-2926.

Colman, B. R., 1990a: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1103-1121.

Colman, B. R., 1990b: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: Organization and instability mechanisms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1123-1144.

Colman, B. R., 1991: Reply. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2514-2515.

Davidson, N. E., K. Kurihara, T. Kato, G. Mills, and K. Puri, 1998: Dynamics and prediction of a mesoscale extreme rain event in the baiu front over Kyushu, Japan. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1608-1629.

DeVoir, G. A., 1998: Conditional symmetric instability-Methods of operational diagnosis and case study of 23-24 February 1994 eastern Washington/Oregon snowstorm. National Weather Service Western Region Technical Memorandum 254. [Available from
http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrhq/CSITM/webtm.htm.]

Donaldson, N. R., and R. E. Stewart, 1989: On the precipitation regions within two storms affecting Atlantic Canada. Atmos.-Ocean, 27, 108-129.

Doswell, C. A. III, 1987: The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: A case study example. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 3-16.

Doswell, C. A. III, and E. N. Rasmussen, 1994: The effect of neglecting the virtual temperature correction on CAPE calculations. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 625-629.

Doswell, C. A. III, H. E. Brooks, and R. A. Maddox, 1996: Flash flood forecasting: An ingredients-based methodology. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 560-581.

Doswell, C. A. III, C. Ramis, R. Romero, and S. Alonso, 1998: A diagnostic study of three heavy precipitation episodes in the western Mediterranean region. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 102-124.

Ducrocq, V., 1993: Adiabatic and viscous simulations of symmetric instability: Structure, evolution, and energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 23-42.

Dudhia, J., 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1493-1513.

Dunn, L. B., 1988: Vertical motion evaluation of a Colorado snowstorm from a synoptician's perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 3, 261-272.

Eliassen, A., 1990: Transverse circulations in frontal zones. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 155-165.

Emanuel, K. A., 1979: Inertial instability and mesoscale convective systems. Part I: Linear theory of inertial instability in rotating viscous fluids. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2425-2449.

Emanuel, K. A., 1980: Forced and free mesoscale motions in the atmosphere. Collection of Lecture Notes on Dynamics of Mesometeorological Disturbances. Proceedings of CIMMS Symposium. Y. K. Sasaki, N. Monji, and S. Bloom, Eds., University of Oklahoma/NOAA, 191-259.

Emanuel, K. A., 1983a: The Lagrangian parcel dynamics of moist symmetric stability. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2368-2376.

Emanuel, K. A., 1983b: On assessing local conditional symmetric instability from atmospheric soundings. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2016-2033.

Emanuel, K. A., 1983c: Conditional symmetric instability: A theory for rainbands within extratropical cyclones. Mesoscale Meteorology-Theories, Observations and Models, D. K. Lilly and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., Reidel, 231-245.

Emanuel, K. A., 1985: Frontal circulations in the presence of small moist symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1062-1071.

Emanuel, K. A., 1988: Observational evidence of slantwise convective adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1805-1816.

Emanuel, K. A., 1989: The finite-amplitude nature of tropical cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3431-3456.

Emanuel, K. A., 1990: Appendix to chapter 26b: Notes on the physical mechanisms of mesoscale precipitation bands. Radar in Meteorology: Battan Memorial and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference. D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 473-476.

Emanuel, K. A., 1992: Slantwise circulations in middle latitude cyclones. Preprints, Fifth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 233-234.

Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp.

Engholm, C. D., E. R. Williams, and R. M. Dole, 1990: Meteorological and electrical conditions associated with positive cloud-to-ground lighting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 470-487.

Fischer, C., and F. Lalaurette, 1995a: Meso-b-scale circulations in realistic fronts. I: Steady basic state. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1255-1283.

Fischer, C., and F. Lalaurette, 1995b: Meso-b-scale circulations in realistic fronts. II: Frontogenetically forced basic states. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1285-1321.

Freedman, J., 1995: Winter season positive cloud-to-ground lightning. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, The University at Albany, State University of New York, 121 pp. [Available from Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222.]

Fritsch, J. M., and G. H. Bryan, 1998: Mesoscale convective systems: Slab convective overturning of deep moist absolutely unstable layers. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 196-198.

Gray, S. L., and A. J. Thorpe, 2000: Potential energy for slantwise parcel motion. Atmospheric Science Letters, 1, ??-??. [Download a PDF of Gray and Thorpe (2001).]

Gray, S. L., and A. J. Thorpe, 2001: Parcel theory in three dimensions and the calculation of SCAPE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1656-1672.

Grumm, R. H., and D. J. Nicosia, 1997: WSR-88D observations of mesoscale precipitation bands over Pennsylvania. Natl. Wea. Dig., 21(3), 10-23.

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Gyakum, J. R., 1987: Evolution of a surprise snowfall in the United States midwest. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2322-2345.

Hobbs, P. V., 1978: Organization and structure of clouds and precipitation on the mesoscale and microscale in cyclonic storms. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 741-755.

Hoke, J. E., N. A. Phillips, G. J. DiMego, J. J. Tuccillo, and J. G. Sela, 1989: The Regional Analysis and Forecast System of the National Meteorological Center. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 323-334.

Holle, R. L., and A. I. Watson, 1996: Lightning during two central U.S. winter precipitation events. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 599-614.

Holton, J. R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. 3rd ed., Academic Press, 511 pp.

Holt, M. W., and A. J. Thorpe, 1991: Localized forcing of slantwise motion at fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 943-963.

Hoskins, B. J., 1974: The role of potential vorticity in symmetric stability and instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 480-482.

Houze, R. A. Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.

Houze, R. A. Jr., 1997: Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2179-2196.

Houze, R. A. Jr., S. A. Rutledge, M. I. Biggerstaff, and B. F. Smull, 1989: Interpretation of Doppler weather radar displays of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 608-619.

Howard, K., and E. Tollerud, 1988: The structure and evolution of heavy-snow-producing Colorado cyclones. Preprints, Palmén Memorial Symposium on Extratropical Cyclones, Helsinki, Finland, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 168-171.

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Hunter, S. M., S. J. Underwood, R. L. Holle, and T. L. Mote, 2001: Winter lightning and heavy frozen precipitation in the southeast United States. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 478-490.

Huo, Z., D.-L. Zhang, J. Gyakum, and A. Staniforth, 1995: A diagnostic analysis of the Superstorm of March 1993. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1740-1761.

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Innocentini, V., and E. dos Santos Caetano Neto, 1992: A numerical study of the role of humidity in the updraft driven by moist slantwise convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1092-1106.

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Jones, S. C., and A. J. Thorpe, 1992: The three-dimensional nature of `symmetric' instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 227-258.

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