Medical References - Listed by Year

Year by Year Bibliography on Medical Effects of Lightning Strikes

This bibliography includes papers published about the medical effects of lightning on people. Dr. Chris Andrews in Australia has a much more comprehensive list at www.thehub.com.au/~candy/rsch.htm. The following listing tends to include more recent papers in the English language, and does not include electric shock events unless lightning cases are also included. The listing organizes papers by year. Within the year, papers are ordered by the first author, then by number and names of co-authors, then by titles of papers. An alphabetical bibliography of the same papers is also on this web site.

1854-1855

Boudin, M., 1854-1855: Histoire medicale de la foudre et de ses effects sur l'homme, les plantes, les edifices, les navires. Ann. Hyg. Publique Med. Leg. II, Ser. T II, 395; T III, 241; T IV, 214.

1864

Mackintosh, D., 1864. Notes on three persons struck by lightning. Lancet, 30 July, 118.

1872

Clark, R.O., and J.K. Brighan, 1872: Death from lightning. Lancet, 2, 77.

1874

Tomlinson, C., 1875: On lightning figures. Nature, 12, 9-11.

1875

Yorkshire Branch, Annual Meeting, 1875. British Medical Journal, 2, 59.

1877

Heffernan, D., 1877: Autopsy in a case of death by lightning. Lancet, 2, 266.

1879

Wilks, G., 1879: Case of lightning stroke. Lancet, 2, 655.

1888

Cook, A.H., and W. Boulting, 1888: Two cases of injury by lightning. British Medical Journal, 2, 234.

1889

Lawson, R., 1889: On the deaths caused by lightning in England and Wales from 1852 to 1880, as recorded in the returns of the Registrar-General. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 15, 140-15.

1894

Knaggs, R.H., 1894: Unusual injuries caused by lightning stroke. Lancet, 2, 1216.

1900

Dunscombe-Haniball, O., 1900: Accidents and injuries caused by lightning. Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1, 153-155.

1904

Thomas, J.L., 1904: Two cases of lightning-stroke. British Medical Journal, 2, 1155.

1905

Darling, Frier, and Pedlow, 1905: Report of cases of lightning stroke. British Medical Journal, 2, 1522-1523.

1909

Watt, D.W., 1909: Death by lightning. British Medical Journal, March 20, 742-743.

1913

Gem, W., 1913: Case of lightning stroke followed by recovery. Lancet, 2, 288.

Jex-Blake, A.J., 1913: Goulstonian lectures: Death by electric currents and by lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 425-430; 492-498; 548-552; 601-603.

1914

Slingerland, I., 1914: Lightning stroke. New York State Medical Journal, 14, 466.

1917

Hegner, C.F., 1917: Lightning-some of its effects. Annals of Surgery, 65, 401.

1918

Wehe, W., 1918: Report of a case of burns from lightning. International Journal of Surgery, 191-194.

1919

Ashby, H.T., 1919: Loss of hair due to lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 307.

1920

Lea, J.A., 1920: Paresis of accommodation following injury by lightning. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 4, 417.

1921

Tiscornia, A., 1921: Bilateral cataract from lightning stroke. Journal of the American Medical Association, 77, 1930.

1925

Edward, W., 1925: Injuries due to lightning striking a wireless aerial. British Medical Journal, 2, 294.

1927

DuToit, J.S., 1927: Bilateral cataract caused by lightning. Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1, 503.

1928

Jaffe, R., 1928: Electropathology-review of the pathological changes produced by electric current. Archives of Pathology, 5, 839.

1932

Critchley, M., 1932: The effects of lightning: with especial reference to the nervous system. Bristol Medical Surgeon Journal, 49, 285-300.

Spencer, H.A., 1932: Lightning, lightning stroke, and its treatment. Balliere, London, 91 pp.

1934

Critchley, M., 1934: Neurological effects of lightning and of electricity. Lancet, 1, 68-72.

Elwell, E.G., 1934: Non-fatal lightning burns. British Medical Journal, 2, 771.

1935

Cannole, J.V., 1935: Lightning and electric cataract. Pennsylvania Medical Journal, 38, 939.

Critchley, M., 1935: Injuries from electricity and lightning. British Medical Journal, 1217-1218.

1936

Silverman, N.M., 1936: Unilateral deafness as a sequel to non-fatal lightning trauma. Journal of the Indiana Medical Association, 29, 530.

1937

Draper, P.A.,1937: Lightning stroke. College of Medicine, 34, 803-804.

-,1937: Neuropsychiatric effects of electric trauma. College of Medicine, 34, 650.

1938

Alexander, L., 1938: Electrical injuries to the central nervous system. Medical Clinician of North America, 22, 663-688.

1941

Anderson, S.G., and R.R. Bugg, 1941: An unusual case of lightning stroke in a herd of dairy cows. Vet. Rec., 53, 555.

Crawford, A.S., and B.F. Hoopes, 1941: The surgical aspects of lightning stroke. Surgery, 9, 80-86.

1942

Dill, A.V., 1942: Notes on a case of death by lightning. British Medical Journal, 426.

Jellinek, S., 1942: Death by lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 714.

Leys, K., 1942: Spinal atrophic paralysis case following lightning stroke. Edinburgh Medical Journal, 49, 657-659.

Stanley-Turner, H.M., 1942: Death by lightning. British Medical Journal, Oct. 24, 503.

1944

Paterson, J.H., and A. Turner, 1944: Lightning and the central nervous system. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 82, 73-75.

1945

Currens, J.H., 1945: Arterial spasm and transient paralysis resulting from lightning striking an airplane. Journal of Aviation Medicine, 16, 275-277.

Sheppard, L.B., 1945: Report of an eye injured by lightning. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 28, 195-198.

1949

Alcock, R.J., and H.C. Fletcher-Jones, 1949: Abdominal injury from lightning. Lancet, 1, 823-825.

Lynch, M.J.G., and P.H. Shorthouse, 1949: Injuries and deaths from lightning. Lancet, 1, 473-478.

Skan, D.A., 1949: Death from lighting-stroke, with multiple injuries. British Medical Journal, 1, 666.

1951

Marriott, H.L., 1951: Lightning effects. In Medical Treatment-Principles and their application, G. Evans, Editor, Butterworth, London, 300.

1952

Woods, J.D., 1952: Spinal atrophic paralysis following lightning stroke. South African Medical Journal, 26, 92-93.

1953

Mt. Stuart Accident, 1953: On the lightning accident on Mt. Stuart in the Cascades. Appalachia, 29, 416-417.

1955

Harrison, S.H., 1955: Lightning burns. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 8,154-157.

West, G., 1955: Lightning as a cause of hearing loss. Maryland State Medical Journal, 4, 35-37.

1957

Arden, G.P., S.H. Harrison, J. Lester, and R.H. Maudsley, 1956: Lightning accident at Ascot. British Medical Journal, 1, 1450-1453.

Moore, M.C., 1956: Ocular injury from lightning current and lightning flash. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of Australia, 16, 87-92.

1957

Shaw, D., and M. York-Moore, 1957: Neuro-psychiatric sequelae of lightning stroke. British Medical Journal, 2, 1152-1155.

Terranova, S., 1957: Su un caso dinfarto miocardico da elettrocuzione atmosferiea. Riforma Medica (Napoli), 71, 93-96.

1958

Bertelsen, B., 1958: Peripheral facial palsy after trauma caused by lightning. Nordisk Med., 60, 1602-1604.

Morgan, Z.V., R.N. Headley, E.A. Alexander, and C.G. Sawyer, 1958: Atrial fibrillation and epidural hematoma associated with lightning stroke. New England Journal of Medicine, 259, 956-959.

1959

Fobes, C.B., 1959: Accident on Rumford Whitecap. Appalachia, 32, 562.

1960

Gathier, J.C., 1960: Neurological changes in a soldier struck by lightning. Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir., 63, 125-128.

Morikawa, S., and F. Strichen, 1960: Successful resuscitation after "death" from lightning. Anesthesiology, 21, 222-224.

1961

Buechner, H.A., and J.C. Rothbaum, 1961: Lightning stroke injury-a report of multiple casualties resulting from a single lightning bolt. Military Medicine, 26, 755-762.

Ravitch, M.M., R. Lane, P. Safar, F.M. Steichen, and P. Knowles, 1961: Lightning strike: Report of a case with recovery after cardiac massage and prolonged artificial respiration. New England Journal of Medicine, 264, 36-38.

Silversides, J., 1961: The neurological sequelae of electrical injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 91, 195-204.

1962

Iranyi, J., B. Orovecz, E. Somogyi, and K. Iranyi, 1962: Das Blitztrauma in neuer Sicht. Münch. Med. Wochenschr., 104, 196-1500.

Peterson, A.E., 1962: Lightning hazards to mountaineers. American Alpine Journal, 13, 143-154.

1963

Castrén, J.A., and J. Kytilĺ, 1963: Eye symptoms caused by lightning. Acta Ophthalmology, 41, 139-142.

1964

Lee, W.R., and S. Zoledziowsi, 1964: Effects of electric shock on respiration in the rabbit. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 21, 135-144.

1965

Eng, L.I., and C. Sinnadurai, 1965: Syndrome of erythremia Di Guglielmo after lightning injury with autoimmune antibodies and terminating in acute monocytic leukemia. Blood, 25, 845-849.

Gabrielli, L. 1965: Unusual clinical picture of intermittent deafness in a subject struck by lightning. Otorhinolaryngology, 31, 79-90.

Krasheminnikov, V.F., 1965: Lightning injuries of the ear. Zh Ushn Nos Gorl Bolez, 25, 75.

Rees, W.D., 1965: Pregnant woman struck by lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 103105.

1966

Burda, C.D., 1966: EKG changes in lightning stroke. American Heart Journal, 72, 521-524.

Divakov, G.M., 1966: Changes in the ECG in persons struck by lightning. Klinische Med., 2, 95-96.

Howard, J.R., 1966: The effects of lightning and simulated lightning on tissues of animals. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University of Science and Technology.

Kleinot, S., D.M. Klachko, and K.J. Keeley, 1966: Cardiac effects of lightning injury. South African Medical Journal, 40, 1141-1143.

Read, 1966: Man struck by lightning, marked ECG changes hours later. Medical Tribune, March 28, 3.

1967

Best, R.H., 1967: Lightning stroke in swine. Canadian Veterinarian Journal, 8, 23-26.

Krasnov, A.K., 1967: A contribution to case histories on lightning injuries. Forensic Medical Examination, 10, 45-46.

Raymond, L.F., 1967: Specific treatment of uveitis-Lightning induced: An auto-immune disease. American Journal of Allergy, 27, 242-244.

1968

Nedlina, E.M., 1968: ECG observations in lightning stroke. Kardiologia, 8, 139-141. Spirov, A., 1968: Ear damage caused by lightning. Vojnosanit Pregl, 25, 648-651.

Taussig, H.B., 1968: "Death" from lightning and the possibility of living again. Annals of Internal Medicine, 68, 1345-1353.

1969

Alexandropoulos, J. 1969: Electric cataract after being struck by lightning. Opth. Chron. Athens, 61, 166-171.

Coleman, T.H., 1969: Deaths by lightning. Penn. Med., 72, 56-58.

Taussig, H.B., 1969: "Death" from lightning and the possibility of living again. American Scientist, 57, 306-316.

1970

Ramsey, F.S., and J.R. Howard, 1970: Diagnosis of lightning stroke. Journal of the American Veterinarian Association, 156, 1472-1474.

1971

Bereznyi, V.I., 1971: Two cases of auditory analyser damage by electric discharge from lightning. Zh. Yshn. Nos. Garl. Boleyn, 31, 98.

Karobath, H., W. Undt, and H. Hofschneider, 1971: Zur Wirkung des Blitzschlages auf den Organisms mit besonderer Berucksichtgung der Auswirkungen auf das Herz. Verh. Deutschen Ges. Innere Medizin., 77, 455-457.

Kitagawa, N. et al., 1971: Experimental studies on artificial lightning stroke with dummies and rabbits. Kagaku, 40, 486-494.

Nesmith, M.A., 1971: A case of lightning stroke. Journal of the Florida Medical Association, 58-6, 36-37.

Zubarev, S.F., 1971: A case of bilateral cataract from lightning. Sov. Zdravoorkhar Kirg., 3, 62-63.

1972

Chan, Y.-F., and R. Sivasamboo, 1972: lightning accidents in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 79, 761-762.

Gjulev, A., B. Simov, and G. Stamotov, 1972: Effect of lightning on the auditory and vestibular apparatus. Folia Medica-Plovdin, 14, 79-85.

Kitagawa, N., K. Kinoshita, and T. Ishikawa, 1972: Discharge experiments using dummies and rabbits simulating lightning strokes on human bodies. International Journal of Biometeorology, 17, 239-241.

Muto, T., 1972: Marks of lightning on the skin: Clinical observations and its experimental simulation. Keio Igaku, 49, 51-59.

Prentice, S.A., 1972: Lightning fatalities in Australia. Transactions of the Electrical Engineering Institute of Australia, 8, 55-63.

Royer, J., and F. Gainett, 1972: Consequences oculaires de la fulguration: A propos d'un cas. Bulletin of the Society of Ophthalmology of France, 72, 491-497.

1973

Bernstein, T., 1973: Effects of electricity and lightning on man and animals. Journal of Forensic Science, 18, 3-11.

Hanson, G.C., and G.R. McIlwraith, 1973: Lightning injury: Two case histories and a review of management. British Medical Journal, 2, 271-274.

Lossnitzerv, K., J.D. Faulhaber, and M. Stauch, 1973: ECG early observations shortly after lightning strike. Z. Kardiologie, 62, 520-525.

Maggied, S.M., 1973: Lightning's incredible attack on American football in 1970. Ohio State Medical Journal, 69, 603-606.

Prentice, S.A., 1973: Death by lightning. The Medical Journal of Australia, April 11, 252.

Richards, A., 1973: Traumatic facial palsy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 66, 28-29.

1974

Apfelberg, D.B, F.W. Masters, and D.W. Robinson, 1974: Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. Journal of Trauma, 14, 453-460.

Bergstrom, L., L.M. Neblett, I. Sando, W.G. Hemenway, and G.D. Harrison, 1974: The lightning-damaged ear. Archives of Otolaryngology, 100, 117-121.

Kobayashi, T., 1974: Aural trauma caused by electric shock by lightning. Otolaryngology, 40, 529.

Stephenson, H.E., 1974: Resuscitation after lightning shock. In Cardiac arrest and resuscitation, 4th edition, C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 386-388.

Wright, F.W., Jr., and K.C. Silk, 1974: Acoustic and vestibular defects in lightning survivors. Laryngoscope, 84, 1378-1387.

Yost, J.W., and F.F. Holmes, 1974: Myoglobinuria following lightning stroke. Journal of the American Medical Association, 228, 1147-1148.

1975

Bartholome, C.W., W.D. Jacoby, and S.C. Ramchand, 1975: Cutaneous manifestations of lightning injury. Archives of Dermatology, 111, 1466-1468.

Milward, T., 1975: Prolonged gastric dilatation as a complication of lightning injury. Burns, 1, 175-178.

1976

Golde, R.H., and W.R. Lee, 1967: Death by lightning. Proceedings IEEE, 123, 1163-1180.

Isler, C., 1976: Don't act thunderstruck: Save victims of lightning. RN Magazine, 39, 37-39.

McGraw, C.P. 1976: Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring, review of techniques and presentation of method. Surg. Neurol., 6, 149.

Msonge, B., and R.L. Evans, 1976: Lightning stroke on Ikerewe Island. East African Medical Journal, 53, 350-351.

1977

Kravitz, H., M.J. Wasserman, J. Valaitis et al., 1977: Lightning injury. American Journal of Disabled Children, 131, 413-415.

Lee, W.R., 1977: Lightning injuries and death. In Lightning protection, Golde, R.H., Editor, Academic Press, 2, 521-543.

Myers, G.J., M.T. Colgan, and D.H. VanDyke, 1977: Lightning-strike disaster among children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 238, 1045-1046.

Strasser, E.J., R.M. Davis, and M.J. Menchey, 1977: Lightning injuries. Journal of Trauma, 17, 315-319.

1978

Baker, R., 1978: Paraplegia as a result of lightning injury. British Medical Journal, 4, 1464-1466.

Harwood, S.J., P.G. Catrou, and G.W. Cole, 1978: Creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme fractions in the serum of a patient struck by lightning. Archives of Internal Medicine, 138, 645-646.

Kleiner, J.P., and J.H. Wilkin, 1978: Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. Journal of the American Medical Association, 240, 2757-2759.

Leveille-Nizerolle, M., J. Lintzer, and A. Berezin, 1978: Consequences auriculaires d'un coup de foudre. Ann. Otolarylog. (Paris), 95, 695-702.

Ost, L.G., 1978: Behavioural treatment of thunder and lightning phobias. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 16, 19-207.

Sharmi, M., and A. Smith, 1978: Paraplegia as a result of lightning injury. British Medical Journal, 2, 1464-1465.

Suri, M.L., and G.P. Vijayan, 1978: Neurological sequelae of lightning. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 26, 209-212.

1979

Cannel, H., 1979: Struck by lightning-the effects upon the men and the ships of H M Navy. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service, 65, 165-170.

Guha-Ray, D.K., 1979: Fetal death at term due to lightning. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 134, 103-105.

Martyal, G.G., and M.E. Ryan, 1979: Lightning "deaths" can be reversed. Emergency Department News, 26.

Weinstein, L., 1979: Lightning: A rare case of intrauterine death with maternal survival. Southern Medical Journal, 72, 632-633.

1980

Auerbach, P., 1980: Lightning strike. Topics in Emergency Medicine, 2, 129-135. Cooper, M.A., 1980: Lightning injuries: Prognostic signs for death. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 9, 134-138.

Edland, J.F., 1980: Electrical injuries and lightning. In Forensic Pathology, Castle House, Kent, 111.

Jackson, S.H.D., and K.J. Parry, 1980: Lightning and the heart. British Heart Journal, 43, 454-457.

Noel, L.P., W.N. Clarke, and D. Addison, 1980: Ocular complications of lightning. Journal of Pediatric and Ophthalmological Strabismus, 17, 245-246.

Weiss, K.S., 1980: Otologic lightning bolts. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 1, 334-337.

1981

Chia, B.L., 1981: Electrocardiographic abnormalities and congestive cardiac failure due to lightning stroke. Cardiology, 68, 49-53.

Ehsan, M., J. Waxman, and J.M. Finley, 1981: Delayed gangrene after lightning strike. AFP, 24, 117-119.

Ishikawa, T., T. Miyazawa, M. Ohashi et al., 1981: Experimental studies on the effect of artificial respiration after lightning accidents. Research in Experimental Medicine, 179, 5968.

Kahn, A.M., and U.L. McGrady-Kahn, 1981: Lightning burns. Western Journal of Medicine, 134, 215-219.

Rush, M., and J. Glasser, 1981: Lightning risk. Reviews of Environmental Health, 3, 301-313.

Shaw, G.P. and L. S. Atkinson, 1981: Hearing loss secondary to lightning strike. Otolaryngology, 2, 233-234.

Shulman, K., A. Marmarou, and J.D. Miller, 1980: Intracranial pressure IV. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Weeramanthri, T.S., I.B. Puddy, and L.J. Beilin, 1981: Lightning strike and autonomic failure-coincidence or causally related? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84, 687-688.

1982

Flannery, D.B., and H. Wiles, 1982: Follow-up of a survivor of intrauterine lightning exposure. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 142, 238.

Ishikawa, T., 1982: Prevention against lightning accidents in Japan. Nihon University Journal of Medicine, 24, 1-14.

Kobernich, M., 1982: Electrical injuries: Pathophysiology and emergency management. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 11, 633-638.

Kotagal, S., C.A. Rawlings, S. Chen et al., 1982: Neurologic, psychiatric, and cardiovascular complications in children struck by lightning. Pediatrics, 70, 190-192.

Nagai, Y., T. Ishikawa, M. Ohashi, and N. Kitigawa, 1982: Study of lethal effects of multiple-stroke flash lethal effects on rabbits subjected to 3-successive voltage impulses simulating multiple-stroke flash. Research Letters in Atmospheric Physics, 2, 8780.

Wang, P.-K., and J.-H. Chu, 1982: Unusual lightning events in ancient Chinese literature. Weatherwise, 35, 119-122.

1983

Akahane, T., and R. Okishio, 1983: Lightning injury: Report of two cases. Burns, 10, 4548.

Cooper, M.A., 1983: Lightning injuries. In Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, P. Auerbach and G. Gehr, Editors, MacMillan, New York, NY, 500-512.

-, 1983: Lightning strikes. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 12, 113. Du Toit, J.S., 1983: Lightning injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 128, 893.

Eaton, R.D.P., 1983: Lightning injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 128, 893-894.

Krob, M.J., and A.E. Cram, 1983: Lightning injuries: A multisystem trauma. Journal of the Iowa Medical Society, 6, 221-225.

Mann, H., Z. Kozic, and M.I. Boulos, 1983: CT of lightning injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 4, 976-977.

Peters, W.J., 1983: Lightning injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 128, 148-150.

Scheulen, J.J., and A.M. Munster, 1983: The lightning injury. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 4, 101-105.

Smith, J., 1983: Lightning injuries. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 9, 248-250.

1984

Campo, R.B.. and R.S. Lewis, 1984: Lightning-induced macular hole. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 97, 792-794.

Cooper, M.A., 1984: Electrical and lightning injuries. Emergency Medical Clinician of North America, 2, 489-501.

Dollinger, S.J., J.P. O'Donnell, and A.A. Staley, 1984: Lightning-induced disaster: Effects on children's fears and worries. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1028-1038.

Dowling, J., O.C.D. Barry, P. Lennon, K. Byrne, and J.P. Long, 1984: Lightning. Irish Medical Journal, 77, 250-251.

Moulson, A.M., 1984: Blast injury of the lungs due to lightning. British Medical Journal, 289, 1270-1271.

Palmer, A.B.D., 1984: Lightning injury causing prolongation of the Q-T interval. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 63, 891-894.

Shapiro, M.B., 1984: Lightning cataracts. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 83, 23-24.

Zeana, C.D., 1984: Acute transient myocardial ischemia after lightning injury. International Journal of Cardiology, 5, 207-209.

1985

Abt, J.L., 1985: The pupillary responses after being struck by lightning. Journal of the American Medical Association, 54, 711-713.

Amy, B.W., W.F. McManus, C.W. Goodwin, and B.A. Pruitt, 1985: Lightning injury with survival in five patients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 243-245.

Cwinn, A.A., and S.V. Cantrill, 1985: Lightning injuries. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2, 379-388.

Dollinger, S., 1985: Lightning-strike disaster among children. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 58, 375-383.

Ekoe, J.M., M. Cunningham, O. Jaques, and R. Balague, 1985: Disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute myocardial necrosis caused by lightning. Internal Care Medicine, 11, 160-162.

Ishikawa, T., M. Ohashi, N. Kitigawa, Y. Nagai, and T. Miyazawa, 1985: Experimental study on the lethal threshold value of multiple successive voltage impulses to rabbits simulating multi-strike lightning flash. International Journal of Biometeorology, 29, 157-168.

Flisowski, Z., and C. Mazzetti, 1985: An approximate method of assessment of the electric shock hazard by lightning strike. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 449-453.

Kitagawa, N., S. Tsurumi, T. Ishikawa, and M. Ohashi, 1985: The nature of lightning discharges on human bodies and the basis for safety and protection. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, VDE-VERLAG GmbH, Berlin, 435-438.

Kristensen, S., and K. Tveteras, 1985: Lightning-induced acoustic rupture of the tympanic membrane (a report of two cases). Journal of Laryngology and Otolaryngology, 99, 711-713.

Scott, J.L., 1985: Lightning deaths in Great Britain and Ireland. Weather, 40, 28. Sinha, A.K., 1985: Lightning-induced myocardial injury, a case report with management. Angiology, 36, 327-331.

Stanley, L.D., and R.A. Suss, 1985: Intracerebral hematoma secondary to lightning stroke: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery, 16, 686-688.

Struzewski, B., and P. Struzewski, 1985: Lightning discharge not causing death as a significant hazard for human hearing organ. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, VDE-VERLAG GmbH, Berlin.

Subramanian, N., B. Somasundaram, and J.K. Periasamy, 1985: Cardiac injury due to lightning and report of a survivor. Indian Heart Journal, 37, 72-73.

ten Duis, H.J., and H.J. Klasen, 1985: Keraunoparalysis, a 'specific' lightning injury. Burns, 12, 54-57.

Tribble, C.G., J.A. Persing, R.F. Morgan, J.G. Kenny, and R.F. Edlich, 1985: Lightning injuries. Comprehensive Therapy, 11, 32-40.

Villard, C., M. Boissonnot, and J. Risse et al., 1985: Complication oculaire par fulguration: Discussion a propos de deux cas simultanes. Bulletin of the Society of Ophthalmology of France, 85, 1031-1034.

Wood, R.A., 1985: A dangerous family: The thunderstorm and its offspring. Weatherwise, 38, 131-135.

1986

Craig, S.R., 1986: When lightning strikes: Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. Postgraduate Medicine, 79, 109-124.

Dupasquier, G., and J. Freeman, 1986: Cardiac injury due to lightning. Annals of French Anesthesiology, 5, 601-604.

Erikson, A.J., and M.A. Smith, 1986: A study of lightning fatalities and related incidents in South Africa. Transactions SAIEE, 163-174.

Johnstone, B.R., D.L. Harding, and B. Hocking, 1986: Telephone-related lightning injury. Medical Journal of Australia, 144, 706-708.

Moran, K.T., 1986: Electric- and lightning-induced cardiac arrest reversed by prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 2157.

-, J.N. Thupari, and A.M. Munster, 1986: Lightning injury: Physics, pathophysiology and clinical features. Irish Medical Journal, 79, 120-122.

Moser, M.Y., 1986: When lightning strikes. American Journal of Nursing, 86, 802-803.

Ohashi, M., N. Kitagawa, and T. Ishikawa, 1986: Lightning injury caused by discharges accompanying flashover-A clinical and experimental study of death and survival. Burns, 12, 496-501.

Pierce, M.R., R.A. Henderson, and J.M. Mitchell, 1986: Cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to lightning injury in a pregnant woman. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15, 597-599.

Plueckhahn, V.D., 1986: Injury and death caused by lightning. Medical Journal of Australia, 144, 673.

Prentice, S.A., R.A. Henderson, and J.M. Mitchell, 1986: Cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to lightning injury in a pregnant woman. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15, 597-599.

Poulson P., and P. Knudstrup, 1986: Lightning causing inner ear damage and intracranial haematoma. Journal of Laryngology and Otolaryngology, 100, 1067-1071.

Rich, J., 1986: Lightning injury. Nursing 16, 25. Robinson, M., and P.N. Seward, 1986: Electrical and lightning injuries in children. Paediatrics and Emergency Care, 2, 186-190.

Wakasugi, C., and M. Masui, 1986: Secondary brain hemorrhages associated with lightning stroke: Report of a case. Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine, 40, 42-44.

1987

Alexandridis, A..F. Fotiou, A. Dimitriadis, and P. Tsitopoulos, 1987: Optic nerve neuropathy following a lightning strike accident-electrophysiologic and computerized tomography findings [in German]. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh., 190, 56-58.

Clore, E.R., and M.A. House, 1987: Prevention and treatment of lightning injuries. Nurse Practitioner, 12, 39-45.

Frayne, J.H., and B.S. Gilligan, 1987: Neurological sequelae of lightning stroke. Clinical Exp. in Neurology, 24, 195-200.

Lee, R.C., and M.S. Kolodney, 1987: Electrical injury mechanisms: Electrical breakdown of cell membranes. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 80, 672-679.

McCarthy, L.J., and C. Parker, 1987: Positive antiglobulin tests in a boy struck by lightning. Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 305, 283.

ten Duis, H.J., H.J. Klassen, M.W.N. Nijsten, and L. Pietronero, 1987: Superficial lightning injuries-their 'fractal' shape and origin. Burns, 13, 141-146.

1988

Andrews, C.J., 1988: Myocardial infarction after electrocution. Medical Journal of Australia, 149, 342-343.

-, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1988: A review of medical aspects of lightning injury. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, OK, 231-250.

-, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1988: A retrospective study of the injuries sustained in telephone-mediated lightning strike. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, OK, 251-271.

Davidson, G.S., and J.H. Deck, 1988: Delayed myelopathy following lightning strike: A demyelinating process. Acta Neuropathology, 77, 104-108.

Ericksson, A., and L. Ornehult, 1988: Death by lightning. American Journal of Forensic and Medical Pathology, 9, 295-300.

Gallagher, T.J., 1988: Lightning on the links. Weatherwise, 41, 212-213.

Massello, W., 1988: Lightning deaths. Medical-Legal Bulletin, 3. Walton, A.S., R.W. Harper, and G.L. Coggins, 1988: Myocardial infarction after electrocution. Medical Journal of Australia, 148, 365-367.

Youngs, R.J. Deck, P. Kwok, and M. Hawke, 1988: Severe sensorineural hearing loss caused by lightning. Archives of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 14, 1184-1187.

1989

Andrews, C.J., and M. Darveniza, 1989: Effects of lightning on mammalian tissue. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, 4A.4.1-4A.4.4.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1989: Telephone-mediated lightning injury: An Australian Survey. Journal of Trauma, 29, 665-671.

-, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1989: Lightning injury-A review of clinical aspects, pathophysiology, and treatment. Advanced Trauma, 4, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 241-288.

Cooper, M.A., 1989: Lightning injuries. The Management of Wilderness and Environmental Injuries, Second Edition, P. Auerbach and Geehr, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, 173-193.

Epperly, T.D., and J.R. Stewart, 1989: The physical effects of lightning injury. Journal of Family Practice, 29, 267-272.

Ghezzi, K.T., 1989: Lightning injuries: A unique treatment challenge. Postgraduate Medicine, 85, 197-208.

Hocking, B., and C. Andrews, 1989: Fractals and lightning injury. Medical Journal of Australia, 150, 409-410.

Hooshmand, H., F. Radfar, and E. Bechner, 1989: The neurophysiologic aspects of electrical injuries. Clinical Electroencepholography, 20, 111-116.

1990

Belsole, R.J., and A.A. Smith, 1990: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: "Gate" closed by lightning. Journal of Hand Surgery, 15, 523.

Blount, B.W., 1990: Lightning injuries. American Family Physician, 42, 405-415.

Cherington, M., and C. Vervalin, 1990: Lightning injuries-Who is at greatest risk? The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 18, 58-61.

Fulde, G.W., and S.J. Marsden, 1990: Lightning strikes. Medical Journal of Australia, 153, 496-498.

Saddler, M.C., and J.E. Thomas, 1990: Temporary bulbar palsy following lightning strike. Central African Journal of Medicine, 36, 161-162.

Tandberg, D., and C.M. Brown, 1990: Destruction of hearing aid by lightning strike. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 8, 326-328.

1991

Andrews, C.J., and M. Darveniza, 1991: Further identification and treatment modalities in telephone mediated lightning strike. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, FL, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 10058, 24-1-24-8.

-, D.M. Colquhoun, and M. Darveniza, 1991: The QT Interval in lightning injury with implications for the 'Cessation of Metabolism' hypothesis. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, FL, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 10058, 23-1-23-11.

Jones, D.T., F. P. Ogren, L.H. Roh, and G.F. Moore, 1991: Lightning and its effect on the auditory system. Laryngoscope, 101, 830-834.

Lehman, L.B., 1991: Successful management of an adult lightning victim using intracranial pressure monitoring. Neurosurgery, 28, 907-910.

Shantha, T.R., 1991: Causalgia induced by telephone-mediated lightning electrical injury and treated by interpleural block. Anesth. Analg., 73, 502-508.

Solterman, B., A. Frutiger, and M. Kuhn, 1991: Lightning injury with lung bleeding in a tracheotomized patient. Chest, 99, 240-243.

1992

Andrews, C.J., 1992: Telephone-related lightning injury. Medical Journal of Australia, 157, 823-826.

-, and M.A. Cooper, 1992: Clinical presentation of the lightning victim. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 47-70.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: Further identification and treatment modalities in telephone-mediated lightning strike. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 177-186.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: Further study of functional and structural changes after lightning strike with special emphasis on special sense orifices as portals of entry. Proceedings, International Lightning Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: New models of the electrical insult in lightning strike. Proceedings, International Lightning Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: Special aspects of telephone-mediated lightning injury-An Australian perspective. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 163-175.

-, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1992: Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 195 pp.

-, M. Eadie, H.J. ten Duis, B. Raphael, R. Cash, F. Fraunfelder, M. Meyer, and LaV. Bergstrom, 1992: Pathophysiology of lightning injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 71-70.

Bergstrom, L.V., 1992: Pathophysiology of the cochleovestibular system. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 47-70.

Browne, B.J., and W.R. Gaasch, 1992: Electrical injuries and lightning. Emergency Medical Clinician of North America, 10, 211-229.

Chai, J.C., 1992: Human body responses to step voltages due to ground currents in lightning attachments. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, NJ, FAA Report No. DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, P2-1-P2-10.

Cherington, M., P. Yarnell, and D. Lammereste, 1992: Lightning strikes: Nature of neurological damage in patients evaluated in hospital emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 21, 575-578.

Cooper, M.A., 1992: Lightning injuries-follow-up and prognosis. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 141-143.

-, and K. Johnson, 1992: Electrical injuries. In Emergency Medicine, P. Rosen, R.M. Barkin, C.R. Braen et al., Editors, 3rd edition, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 969-978.

-, C.J. Andrews, and H.J. ten Duis, 1992: Neuropsychological aspects of lightning injury. Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg, Russia.

-, R. Parkes, M. Meyer, F. Fraunfelder, LaV. Bergstrom, S. Pegg, and S. Dollinger, 1992: Treatment of lightning injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, CRC Press, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, Boca Raton, FL, 115-139.

Darveniza, M., 1992: Electrical aspects of lightning injury and damage. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 23-37.

Direccion General de Proteccion Civil, 1992: Los peligros naturales en Espana en 1991. Instituto Tecnológico GeoMinero de Espana, 60 pp.

Dollinger, S.J., 1992: Psychological management of lightning victims. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 137-139.

Fraunfelder, F., and M. Meyer, 1992: Pathophysiology of lightning injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 92-94.

Greening, L., and S..J. Dollinger, 1992: Adolescents' perceptions of lightning and tornado risks. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 755-762.

Hawkes, C.H., and J.W. Thorpe, 1992: Acute polyneuropathy due to lightning injury. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 55, 388-390.

Krupnick, J.E., K.B. Gelb, and J.D. Uman, 1992: Legal implications of lightning damage, injury, and death. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 157-162.

Mackerras, D., 1992: Occurrence of lightning death and injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 39-46.

Mackerras, D., 1992: Protection from lightning. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 145-156.

Patten, B.M., 1992: Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol. Clin., 10, 1047-1058.

1993

Andrews, C.J., 1993: Studies in aspects of lightning injury. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Queensland, Australia.

-, D. Colquhoun, and M. Darveniza, 1993: The QT interval in lightning strike, with implications for the 'Cessation of Metabolism' hypothesis. Journal of Wilderness Medicine, 4, 155-166.

Cherington, M., P. Yarnell, and D. Hallmark, 1993: MRI in lightning encephalopathy. Neurology, 43, 1437-1439.

Fontanarosa, P.B., 1993: Electrical shock and lightning strike. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 22, 378-387.

Lichtenberg, R., D. Dries, K. Ward W. Marshall, and P. Scanlon, 1993: Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. Journal of the American College of Cardiologists, 21, 531-536.

Lifshultz, B.D., and E.R. Donoghue, 1993: Deaths caused by lightning. Journal of Forensic Science, 38, 353-358.

Moolaor, P, and C. Annoppetch, 1993: Lightning injury: A case report. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 76, 410-414.

Redleaf, M.I., and B.F. McCabe, 1993: Lightning injury of the tympanic membrane. Am. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol, 102, 867-868.

1994

Bourke, D.L., C.M. Harrison, and J. Sprung, 1994: Direction of a lightning strike. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 953-954.

Cooper, M.A., and C.J. Andrews, 1994: Lightning injuries. Chapter 11, 3rd Edition, Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, P. Auerbach, Editor.

Cherington, M., P.R. Yarnell, and C.L. Cherington, 1994: Lightning, Leyden jar, and the historic beginnings of electrophysiology. Muscle and Nerve, 17, 951-952.

-, P.R. Yarnell, and H.M. Todd, 1994: Lightning injury and glioma. Injury, 25, 687-688.

-, F.J. Martorano, L. Siebuhr, R.L. Stieg, and P.R. Yarnell, 1994: Childhood lightning injuries on the playing field. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12, 39-41.

Gary, C., 1994: La foudre. Des mythologies antiques a la recherche moderne. Paris, Jassou, ISBN 2-225-84507-7.

Gourbiere, E., J. Lambrozo, D. Folliot et al., 1994: Complications et sequelles des accidents dus a la foudre. Revue Generale d'Electicité, 6, 51-66.

Handa, J.T., and G.J. Jaffe, 1994: Lightning maculopathy-A case report. Retina, 14, 169-172.

Kitagawa, N., 1994: Practical methods of minimizing lightning injuries on human bodies. Proceedings, Conference on Lightning and Mountains, June 6-9, Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France.

Marcus, M.A.E., N. Thijs, and A.I.F. Meulemans, 1994: A prolonged but successful resuscitation of a patient struck by lightning. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1, 199-202.

McHugh, T.P., 1994: Lightning and electrical injuries. Critical Decisions in Emergency Medicine, 10, 8-14.

Spieth, M.E., R.L. Kimura, T.D. Schryer et al., 1994: Air traffic controller lightning strike. Journal of the National Medical Association, 86, 713-715.

Steinbaum, S., J.D. Harviel, J.H. Jaffin et al., 1994: Lightning strike to the head: Case report. Journal of Trauma, 36, 113-115.

Zehender, M., 1994: Images in clinical medicine. Struck by lightning. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 1492.

1995

Andrews, C., 1995: Keraunomedicine: A discipline come of age. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 25, 543-545.

-, Structural changes after lightning strike, with special emphasis on special sense orifices as portals of entry. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 296-303.

-, M.A. Cooper, H.J. ten Duis, and C. Sappideen, 1995: The pathology of electrical and lightning injuries. In Forensic Sciences, C.J. Wecht, Editor, Chapter 23A, Release 19 update, Matthew Bender & Co., New York.

Brigham, P.A., 1995: Lightning injuries revisited. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 26, 528-529.

Cherington, M, 1995: Central nervous system complications of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 233-240.

-, 1995: Lightning and transportation. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 362-366. -, 1995: Lightning injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 25, 516-519.

-, and K. Mathys, 1995: Deaths and injuries as a result of lightning strikes to aircraft. Aviation and Space Environmental Medicine, 66, 687-689.

-, P.R. Yarnell, and S.C. London, 1995: Neurologic complications of lightning injuries. Western Journal of Medicine, 162, 413-417.

Cohen, J.A., 1995: Autonomic nervous system disorders and reflex sympathetic dystrophy in lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 387-390.

Cooper, M.A., 1995: Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 268-278.

-, 1995: Myths, miracles, and mirages. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 358-361.

-, 1995: Chronic pain syndrome in a lightning victim. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Williamsburg, VA., U.S. Navy Report NAWCADPAX--95-306-PRO, 43-1-43-10.

-, and C.J. Andrews, 1995: Lightning injuries. In Wilderness Medicine, P. Auerbach, Editor, 3rd Edition, St. Louis, C.V. Mosby-Yearbook, 261-289.

Eatman, G., 1995: Zapped from above. US Windsurfing Association News, 1, 6. Grover, S., and J. Goodwin, 1995: Lightning and electrical injuries: Neuro-opthalmologic aspects. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 335-341.

Jumbelic, M.I., 1995: Forensic perspectives of electrical and lightning injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 342-350.

Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K., 1995: Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 323-328.

Lagreze, W.A.., T.G. Bomer, and L.P. Aiello, 1995: Lightning-induced ocular injury. Archives of Ophthalmology, 113, 1076-1077.

O'Brien, C.F., 1995: Involuntary movement disorders following lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 263-267.

Ogren, F.P., and A.L. Edmunds, 1995: Neuro-otologic findings in the lightning-injured patient. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 256-262.

Ozgun, B., and M. Castillo, 1995: Basal ganglia hemorrhage related to lightning strike American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16, 1370-1371.

Primeau, M, G.H. Engelstatter, and K.K. Bares, 1995: Behavioral consequences of lightning and electrical injury. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 279-285.

-, -, and M.A. Cooper, 1995: Psychological sequelae of lightning injury. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Williamsburg, VA., U.S. Navy Report NAWCADPAX--95-306-PRO, 44-1-44-8.

ten Duis, H.J., and J. Goodwin, 1995: Lightning and electrical injuries: Acute electrical burns. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 381-386.

Wilbourn, A.J., 1995: Peripheral nerve disorders in electrical and lightning injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 241-255.

Yarnell, P.R. and D.P. Lammertse, 1995: Neurorehabilitation of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 391-396.

1996

Andrews, C., G. Berger, N. Floret, T. Ishikawa, N. Kitagawa, and M. Ohashi, 1996: International safety and rescue guide against lightning hazards. Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), September 23-27, Florence, Italy, 738-743.

Çeliköz, B., S. Isik, M. Türegün et al., 1996: An unusual case of lightning strike: Full-thickness burns of the cranial bones. Burns, 22, 417-419.

Graber, J., W. Ummenhofer, and H. Herion, 1996: Lightning accident with eight victims: Case report and brief review of the literature. Journal of Trauma, 40, 288-290.

Janus, T.J., and J. Barrash, 1996: Neurologic and neurobehavioral effects of electric and lightning injuries. Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation, 17, 409-415.

Kitagawa, N., M. Ohashi, A. Tsuyuki, and T. Ishikawa, 1996: Clinical and experimental studies on lightning injuries. Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 10-14, Osaka, Japan, International Commission of Atmospheric Electricity, The Society of Atmospheric Electricity of Japan, 305-308.

-, M. Ahashi, A. Tsuyuki, T. Ishikawa, and Y. Nagai, 1996: Lightning injuries caused by multi-strike-point thunderbolts. Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), September 23-27, Florence, Italy, 733-737.

Resnik, B.I., and C.V. Wetli, 1996: Lichtenberg figures. American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, 17, 99-102.

Shaw, P.K.C., R.E. Brouwer, P.J. Spaander, and U.I. Tjandra, 1996: Nature's high-voltage injuries: Sometimes a deadly consequence. Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 49, 153-159.

Wetli, C.V., 1996: Keraunopathology - an analysis of 45 fatalities. American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, 17, 89-98.

1997

Andrews, C.J., 1997: Keraunomedicine: Not a flash in the dark. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M1-M2.

-, G. Berger, N. Floret, T. Ishikawa, N. Kitagawa, and M. Ohashi, 1997: International safety and rescue guide against lightning hazards. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 211.

Beraud, P., J.M. Philippe, and P. Delort, 1997: Lightning and fulguration: About two cases occurring in the North Cantal. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M24-M27.

Bennett, B.L., 1997: A model lightning safety policy for athletics. Journal of Athletic Training, 32, 251-253.

Blanco-Pampin, J.M., 1997: An unusual case of death by lightning. Journal of Forensic Science, 42, 942-944.

Burtscher, M., M. Philadelphy, and W. Nachbauer, 1997: Characteristics of lightning accidents during mountaineering in Austria. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M87.

Cabane, J., M. Zuber, and E. Gourbiere, 1997: An international multiple victims lightning injury - A study of a case with sequelae involving the cervical nerve plexus. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M61-M65.

Campbell-Hewson, G., C.V. Egleston, and S.M. Robinson, 1997: Death after electric shock and lightning strike is more clear cut than suggested. British Medical Journal, 314, 442-443.

Charland, F., J.M. Le Gac, and S. Texier, 1997: Fulguration and its neurological consequences. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M49-M50.

Cherington, M., 1997: Lightning and travel - medical and historical aspects. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M40-M45.

-, E.P. Krider, P.R. Yarnell, and D.W. Breed, 1997: A bolt from the blue: Lightning strike to the head. Neurology, 48, 683-686.

Cooper, M.A., and T.P. Kotsos, 1997: Development of an animal model of lightning injury with flashover utilizing a table-top lightning generator. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M10-M11.

De Raemy, E., and B. Bouriot, 1997: Lightning hazards evaluation for people working outside on mobile radio or communication installations. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 213-218.

Diendorfer, G., and W. Schulz, 1997: Lightning injuries in an ice cave in the Austrian mountains. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M46.

Famy, F.S., 1997: Group lightning injury. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M88.

Gary, C., and E. Gourbiere, 1997: Is the lightning-induced magnetic field dangerous for human beings? Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M16-M22.

Gourbiere, E., 1997: Recommendations with regards to the individual protection of people against lightning. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 187-193.

-, and C. Gary, 1997: Keraunopathology: A glossary of electropathology applied to the lightning effects on living creatures. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 194-200.

-, J. Lambrozo, and A. Masi, 1997: Neurological complications of lightning injuries. A case report with late myelopathy - Review of the literature. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M66-M70.

-, -, C. Virenque, P. Menthonnex, and J. Cabane, 1997: "Lightning injured people in France" the first French national inquiry with regard to the striking of people - objectives, methods, first results. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M71-M83.

Koch, F.X., J.P Torres, J. Godart, J.M. Lacroute, and E. Menthonnex, 1997: Keraunopathology: Prehospital strategy and organization of the hospitalization case of a multiple victims fulguration. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M53-M60.

Matthews, M.S., and A.L Fahey, 1997: Plastic surgical considerations in lightning injuries. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 39, 561-565.

Primeau, M., M.A. Cooper, and K. Getz, 1997: Is lightning injury similar to head injury? Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M32.

Sache, L., A. Pauthier, P. Declety, M.H. Schmidt, P. Piot, D. Tavernier, and R. Faitg, 1997: Interest of the Lichtenberg figures for the retrospective diagnosis of a lightning-related injury. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M51-M52.

Simonetti, A., 1997: A short report of the results studing "The influence of thunderstorm during peoples stay at camping site". Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 209.

Torres, E., 1997: Mortal injury due to a lightning strike in the "Gorges du Verdon" (Haut Provence Alpes) the 5th of August 1995. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M28-M31.

Vianello, F., 1997: A man in the thunderstorm: Coronary injuries and electric shock. Cardiology, 88, 486.

Virenque, C., M. Batut, F. Jean, and P. Roche, 1997: Insured property damage due to lightning in the United States. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M84-M86.

Zack, F., U. Hammer, I. Klett, and R. Wegener, 1997: Myocardial injury due to lightning. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 110, 326-328.

1998

Cherington, M., D.W. Breed, P.R. Yarnell, and W.E.Smith, 1998: Lightning injuries during snowy conditions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 333-335 ['Commentary' by H.J. Ten Duis also on page 335].

-, E.P. Krider, P.R. Yarnell, and D.W. Breed, 1998: Reply to 'A bolt from the blue: Lightning strike to the head ' by P.J. Sweeney, Neurology, 50, 830.

Gourbiere, E., 1998: Lightning injury to human beings in France. Proceedings, 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 14-18, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Staffordshire University, 814-819.

Kotsos, T.P., S. Zimmermann, and M.A. Cooper, 1998: Acute cardio-respiratory effects of simulated lightning pulse applied across hairless rats. Preprints, International Lightning Detection Conference, November 16-18, Tucson, Arizona, Global Atmospherics, Inc., Tucson, 2 pp.

Sweeney, P.J., 1998: A bolt from the blue: Lightning strike to the head. Neurology, 50, 830.

Ten Duis, H.J., 1998: Lightning strikes: danger overhead. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 276-278.

Van Zomeren, A.H., H.J. ten Duis, J.M. Minderhoud, and M. Sipma, 1998: Lightning stroke and neuropsychological impairment: Cases and questions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych., 64, 763-769.

1999

Espaillat, and A., R. Janigian, 1999: Cataracts, bilateral macular holes and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment induced by lightning. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 127, 216-7.

Fahmy, F.S., M.D. Brinsden, J. Smith, and J.D. Frame, 1999: Lightning: The multisystem group injuries. Journal of Trauma, 46, 937-940.

Junkins, E.P. et al., 1999: Lightning strike to the head of a helmeted motorcyclist. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17, 213-214 (letter).

Milzman, D.P., L. Moskowitz, and M. Hardel, 1999: Lightning strikes at mass gathering. South Medical Journal, 92, 708-10.

Norman, M.E., and B.R. Younge, 1999: Association of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone with reversal of blindness from lightning in two patients. Ophthalmology, 106, 743-745.

2000

Sneed, R.C., 2000: Unrestricted riding in pickup truck cargo beds poses significant hazards. Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association, 41, 485-490.