Alphabetical Bibliography on Medical Effects of Lightning Strikes

This bibliography includes papers published about the medical effects of lightning on people. Dr. Chris Andrews in Australia has a much more comprehensive list at www.thehub.com.au/~candy/rsch.htm. The following listing tends to include more recent papers in the English language, and does not include electric shock events unless lightning cases are also included. The listing organizes papers by author. Within an author's list of publications, papers are ordered by year, then by number and names of co-authors, then by titles of papers. A chronological bibliography of the same papers is also on this web site.

Abt, J.L., 1985: The pupillary responses after being struck by lightning. Journal of the American Medical Association, 54, 711-713.

Akahane, T., and R. Okishio, 1983: Lightning injury: Report of two cases. Burns, 10, 45-48.

Alcock, R.J., and H.C. Fletcher-Jones, 1949: Abdominal injury from lightning. Lancet, 1, 823-825.

Alexander, L., 1938: Electrical injuries to the central nervous system. Medical Clinician of North America, 22, 663-688.

Alexandridis, A.F. Fotiou, A. Dimitriadis, and P. Tsitopoulos, 1987: Optic nerve neuropathy following a lightning strike accident-Electrophysiologic and computerized tomography findings [in German]. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh., 190, 56-58.

Alexandropoulos, J. 1969: Electric cataract after being struck by lightning. Opth. Chron. Athens, 61, 166-171.

Amy, B.W., W.F. McManus, C.W. Goodwin, and B.A. Pruitt, 1985: Lightning injury with survival in five patients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 243-245.

Anderson, S.G., and R.R. Bugg, 1941: An unusual case of lightning stroke in a herd of dairy cows. Vet. Rec., 53, 555.

Andrews, C.J., 1988: Myocardial infarction after electrocution. Medical Journal of Australia, 149, 342-343.

-, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1988: A review of medical aspects of lightning injury. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, OK, 231-250.

-, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1988: A retrospective study of the injuries sustained in telephone-mediated lightning strike. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, OK, 251-271.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1989: Effects of lightning on mammalian tissue. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, 4A.4.1-4A.4.4.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1989: Telephone-mediated lightning injury: An Australian Survey. Journal of Trauma, 29, 665-671.

-, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1989: Lightning injury-A review of clinical aspects, pathophysiology, and treatment. Advanced Trauma, 4, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 241-288.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1991: Further identification and treatment modalities in telephone mediated lightning strike. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, FL, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 10058, 24-1-24-8.

-, D.M. Colquhoun, and M. Darveniza, 1991: The QT Interval in lightning injury with implications for the 'Cessation of Metabolism' hypothesis. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, FL, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 10058, 23-1-23-11.

-, 1992: Telephone-related lightning injury. Medical Journal of Australia, 157, 823-826.

-, and M.A. Cooper, 1992: Clinical presentation of the lightning victim. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 47-70.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: Further identification and treatment modalities in telephone-mediated lightning strike. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 177-186.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: Further study of functional and structural changes after lightning strike with special emphasis on special sense orifices as portals of entry. Proceedings, International Lightning Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: New models of the electrical insult in lightning strike. Proceedings, International Lightning Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia.

-, and M. Darveniza, 1992: Special aspects of telephone-mediated lightning injury-An Australian perspective. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 163-175.

-, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, 1992: Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 195 pp.

-, M. Eadie, H.J. ten Duis, B. Raphael, R. Cash, F. Fraunfelder, M. Meyer, and LaV. Bergstrom, 1992: Pathophysiology of lightning injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 71-70.

-, 1993: Studies in aspects of lightning injury. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Queensland, Australia.

-, D. Colquhoun, and M. Darveniza, 1993: The QT interval in lightning strike, with implications for the 'Cessation of Metabolism' hypothesis. Journal of Wilderness Medicine, 4, 155-166.

-, 1995: Keraunomedicine: A discipline come of age. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 25, 543-545.

-, 1995: Structural changes after lightning strike, with special emphasis on special sense orifices as portals of entry. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 296-303.

-, M.A. Cooper, H.J. ten Duis, and C. Sappideen, 1995: The pathology of electrical and lightning injuries. In Forensic Sciences, C.J. Wecht, Editor, Chapter 23A, Release 19 update, Matthew Bender & Co., New York.

-, G. Berger, N. Floret, T. Ishikawa, N. Kitagawa, and M. Ohashi, 1996: International safety and rescue guide against lightning hazards. Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), September 23-27, Florence, Italy, 738-743.

-, 1997: Keraunomedicine: Not a flash in the dark. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M1-M2.

-, -, -, -, -, and -, 1997: International safety and rescue guide against lightning hazards. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 211.

Apfelberg, D.B, F.W. Masters, and D.W. Robinson, 1974: Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. Journal of Trauma, 14, 453-460.

Arden, G.P., S.H. Harrison, J. Lester, and R.H. Maudsley, 1956: Lightning accident at Ascot. British Medical Journal, 1, 1450-1453.

Ashby, H.T., 1919: Loss of hair due to lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 307.

Auerbach, P., 1980: Lightning strike. Topics in Emergency Medicine, 2, 129-135.

Baker, R., 1978: Paraplegia as a result of lightning injury. British Medical Journal, 4, 1464-1466.

Beraud, P., J.M. Philippe, and P. Delort, 1997: Lightning and fulguration: About two cases occurring in the North Cantal. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M24-M27.

Bartholome, C.W., W.D. Jacoby, and S.C. Ramchand, 1975: Cutaneous manifestations of lightning injury. Archives of Dermatology, 111, 1466-1468.

Belsole, R.J., and A.A. Smith, 1990: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: "Gate" closed by lightning. Journal of Hand Surgery, 15, 523.

Bereznyi, V.I., 1971: Two cases of auditory analyser damage by electric discharge from lightning. Zh. Yshn. Nos. Garl. Boleyn, 31, 98.

Bergstrom, L., 1992: Pathophysiology of the cochleovestibular system. In C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 47-70.

-, L.M. Neblett, I. Sando, W.G. Hemenway, and G.D. Harrison, 1974: The lightning-damaged ear. Archives of Otolaryngology, 100, 117-121.

Bernstein, T., 1973: Effects of electricity and lightning on man and animals. Journal of Forensic Science, 18, 3-11.

Bertelsen, B., 1958: Peripheral facial palsy after trauma caused by lightning. Nordisk Med., 60, 1602-1604.

Best, R.H., 1967: Lightning stroke in swine. Canadian Veterinarian Journal, 8, 23-26.

Blanco-Pampin, J.M., 1997: An unusual case of death by lightning. Journal of Forensic Science, 42, 942-944.

Blount, B.W., 1990: Lightning injuries. American Family Physician, 42, 405-415.

Boudin, M., 1854-1855: Histoire medicale de la foudre et de ses effects sur l'homme, les plantes, les edifices, les navires. Ann. Hyg. Publique Med. Leg. II, Ser. T II, 395; T III, 241; T IV, 214.

Bourke, D.L., C.M. Harrison, and J. Sprung, 1994: Direction of a lightning strike. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 953-954.

Brigham, P.A., 1995: Lightning injuries revisited. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 26, 528-529.

Browne, B.J., and W.R. Gaasch, 1992: Electrical injuries and lightning. Emergency Medical Clinician of North America, 10, 211-229.

Buechner, H.A., and J.C. Rothbaum, 1961: Lightning stroke injury-a report of multiple casualties resulting from a single lightning bolt. Military Medicine, 26, 755-762.

Burda, C.D., 1966: EKG changes in lightning stroke. American Heart Journal, 72, 521-524.

Burtscher, M., M. Philadelphy, and W. Nachbauer, 1997: Characteristics of lightning accidents during mountaineering in Austria. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M87.

Cabane, J., M. Zuber, and E. Gourbiere, 1997: An international multiple victims lightning injury - A study of a case with sequelae involving the cervical nerve plexus. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M61-M65.

Campbell-Hewson, G., C.V. Egleston, and S.M. Robinson, 1997: Death after electric shock and lightning strike is more clear cut than suggested. British Medical Journal, 314, 442-443.

Campo, R.B., and R.S. Lewis, 1984: Lightning-induced macular hole. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 97, 792-794.

Cannel, H., 1979: Struck by lightning-the effects upon the men and the ships of H M Navy. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service, 65, 165-170.

Cannole, J.V., 1935: Lightning and electric cataract. Pennsylvania Medical Journal, 38, 939.

Castrén, J.A., and J. Kytilĺ, 1963: Eye symptoms caused by lightning. Acta Ophthalmology, 41, 139-142.

Çeliköz, B., S. Isik, M. Türegün et al., 1996: An unusual case of lightning strike: Full-thickness burns of the cranial bones. Burns, 22, 417-419.

Chai, J.C., 1992: Human body responses to step voltages due to ground currents in lightning attachments. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, NJ, FAA Report No. DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, P2-1-P2-10.

Chan, Y.-F., and R. Sivasamboo, 1972: lightning accidents in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 79, 761-762.

Charland, F., J.M. Le Gac, and S. Texier, 1997: Fulguration and its neurological consequences. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M49-M50.

Cherington, M., and C. Vervalin, 1990: Lightning injuries-Who is at greatest risk? The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 18, 58-61.

-, P. Yarnell, and D. Lammereste, 1992: Lightning strikes: Nature of neurological damage in patients evaluated in hospital emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 21, 1575-578.

-, P. Yarnell, and D. Hallmark, 1993: MRI in lightning encephalopathy. Neurology, 43, 1437-1439.

-, P.R. Yarnell, and C.L. Cherington, 1994: Lightning, Leyden jar, and the historic beginnings of electrophysiology. Muscle and Nerve, 17, 951-952.

-, P.R. Yarnell, and H.M. Todd, 1994: Lightning injury and glioma. Injury, 25, 687-688.

-, F.J. Martorano, L. Siebuhr, R.L. Stieg, and P.R. Yarnell, 1994: Childhood lightning injuries on the playing field. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12, 39-41.

-, 1995: Central nervous system complications of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 233-240.

-, 1995: Lightning injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 25, 516-519.

-, 1995: Lightning and transportation. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 362-366.

-, and K. Mathys, 1995: Deaths and injuries as a result of lightning strikes to aircraft. Aviation and Space Environmental Medicine, 66, 687-689.

-, P.R. Yarnell, and S.C. London, 1995: Neurologic complications of lightning injuries. Western Journal of Medicine, 162, 413-417.

-, 1997: Lightning and travel - medical and historical aspects. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M40-M45.

-, E.P. Krider, P.R. Yarnell, and D.W. Breed, 1997: A bolt from the blue: Lightning strike to the head. Neurology, 48, 683-686.

-, D.W. Breed, P.R. Yarnell, and W.E. Smith, 1998: Lightning injuries during snowy conditions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 333-335 ['Commentary' by H.J. Ten Duis also on page 335].

-, E.P. Krider, P.R. Yarnell, and D.W. Breed, 1998: Reply to 'A bolt from the blue: Lightning strike to the head ' by P.J. Sweeney, Neurology, 50, 830.

Chia, B.L., 1981: Electrocardiographic abnormalities and congestive cardiac failure due to lightning stroke. Cardiology, 68, 49-53.

Clark, R.O., and J.K. Brighan, 1872: Death from lightning. Lancet, 2, 77. Clore, E.R., and M.A. House, 1987: Prevention and treatment of lightning injuries. Nurse Practitioner, 12, 39-45.

Cohen, J.A., 1995: Autonomic nervous system disorders and reflex sympathetic dystrophy in lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 387-390.

Coleman, T.H., 1969: Deaths by lightning. Penn. Med., 72, 56-58.

Cook, A.H., and W. Boulting, 1888: Two cases of injury by lightning. British Medical Journal, 2, 234.

Cooper, M.A., 1980: Lightning injuries: Prognostic signs for death. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 9, 134-138.

-, 1983: Lightning injuries. In Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, P. Auerbach and G. Gehr, Editors, MacMillan, New York, NY, 500-521.

-, 1983: Lightning strikes. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 12, 113.

-, 1984: Electrical and lightning injuries. Emergency Medical Clinician of North America, 2, 489-501.

-, 1989: Lightning injuries. The Management of Wilderness and Environmental Injuries, Second Edition, P. Auerbach and Geehr, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, 173-193.

-, 1992: Lightning injuries-follow-up and prognosis. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 141-143.

-, 1995: Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 268-278.

-, 1995: Myths, miracles, and mirages. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 358-361.

-, 1995: Chronic pain syndrome in a lightning victim. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Williamsburg, VA., U.S. Navy Report NAWCADPAX--95-306-PRO, 43-1-43-10.

-, and C.J. Andrews, 1994: Lightning injuries. Chapter 11, 3rd Edition, Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, P. Auerbach, Editor.

-, and -, 1995: Lightning injuries. In Wilderness Medicine, P. Auerbach, Editor, 3rd Edition, St. Louis, C.V. Mosby-Yearbook, 261-289.

-, and K. Johnson, 1992: Electrical injuries. In Emergency Medicine, P. Rosen, R.M. Barkin, C.R. Braen et al., Editors, 3rd edition, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 969-978.

-, and T.P. Kotsos, 1997: Development of an animal model of lightning injury with flashover utilizing a table-top lightning generator. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M10-M11.

-, C.J. Andrews, and H.J. ten Duis, 1992: Neuropsychological aspects of lightning injury. Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg, Russia.

-, R. Parkes, M. Meyer, F. Fraunfelder, LaV. Bergstrom, S. Pegg, and S. Dollinger, 1992: Treatment of lightning injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 115-139.

Craig, S.R., 1986: When lightning strikes: Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. Postgraduate Medicine, 79, 109-124.

Crawford, A.S., and B.F. Hoopes, 1941: The surgical aspects of lightning stroke. Surgery, 9, 80-86.

Critchley, M., 1932: The effects of lightning: with especial reference to the nervous system. Bristol Medical Surgeon Journal, 49, 285-300.

-, 1934: Neurological effects of lightning and of electricity. Lancet, 1, 68-72. -, 1935: Injuries from electricity and lightning. British Medical Journal, 1217-1218.

Currens, J.H., 1945: Arterial spasm and transient paralysis resulting from lightning striking an airplane. Journal of Aviation Medicine, 16, 275-277.

Cwinn, A.A., and S.V. Cantrill, 1985: Lightning injuries. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2, 379-388.

Darling, Frier, and Pedlow, 1905: Report of cases of lightning stroke. British Medical Journal, 2, 1522-1523.

Darveniza, M., 1992: Electrical aspects of lightning injury and damage. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 23-37.

Davidson, G.S., and J.H. Deck, 1988: Delayed myelopathy following lightning strike: A demyelinating process. Acta Neuropathology, 77, 104-108.

De Raemy, E., and B. Bouriot, 1997: Lightning hazards evaluation for people working outside on mobile radio or communication installations. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 213-218.

Diendorfer, G., and W. Schulz, 1997: Lightning injuries in an ice cave in the Austrian mountains. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M46.

Dill, A.V., 1942: Notes on a case of death by lightning. British Medical Journal, 426. Direccion General de Proteccion Civil, 1992: Los peligros naturales en Espana en 1991. Instituto Tecnológico GeoMinero de Espana, 60 pp.

Divakov, G.M., 1966: Changes in the ECG in persons struck by lightning. Klinische Med., 2, 95-96. Dollinger, S.J., 1985: Lightning-strike disaster among children. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 58, 375-383.

-, 1992: Psychological management of lightning victims. In C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 137-139.

-, J.P. O'Donnell, and A.A. Staley, 1984: Lightning-induced disaster: Effects on children's fears and worries. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1028-1038.

Dowling, J., O.C.D. Barry, P. Lennon, K. Byrne, and J.P. Long, 1984: Lightning. Irish Medical Journal, 77, 250-251.

Draper, P.A., 1937: Lightning stroke. College of Medicine, 34, 803-804.

-, 1937: Neuropsychiatric effects of electric trauma. College of Medicine, 34, 650.

Dunscombe-Haniball, O., 1900: Accidents and injuries caused by lightning. Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1, 153-155.

Dupasquier, G., and J. Freeman, 1986: Cardiac injury due to lightning. Annals of French Anesthesiology, 5, 601-604.

DuToit, J.S., 1927: Bilateral cataract caused by lightning. Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1, 503.

-, 1983: Lightning injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 128, 893. Eatman, G., 1995: Zapped from above. US Windsurfing Association News, 1, 6.

Eaton, R.D.P., 1983: Lightning injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 128, 893-894.

Edland, J.F., 1980: Electrical injuries and lightning. In Forensic Pathology, Castle House, Kent, 111.

Edward, W., 1925: Injuries due to lightning striking a wireless aerial. British Medical Journal, 2, 294.

Ehsan, M., J. Waxman, and J.M. Finley, 1981: Delayed gangrene after lightning strike. AFP, 24, 117-119.

Ekoe, J.M., M. Cunningham, O. Jaques, and R. Balague, 1985: Disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute myocardial necrosis caused by lightning. Internal Care Medicine, 11, 160-162.

Elwell, E.G., 1934: Non-fatal lightning burns. British Medical Journal, 2, 771.

Eng, L.I., and C. Sinnadurai, 1965: Syndrome of erythremia Di Guglielmo after lightning injury with autoimmune antibodies and terminating in acute monocytic leukemia. Blood, 25, 845-849.

Epperly, T.D., and J.R. Stewart, 1989: The physical effects of lightning injury. Journal of Family Practice, 29, 267-272.

Ericksson, A., and L. Ornehult, 1988: Death by lightning. American Journal of Forensic and Medical Pathology, 9, 295-300.

Erikson, A.J., and M.A. Smith, 1986: A study of lightning fatalities and related incidents in South Africa. Transactions SAIEE, 163-174.

Espaillat, and A., R. Janigian, 1999: Cataracts, bilateral macular holes and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment induced by lightning. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 127, 216-7.

Fahmy, F.S., M.D. Brinsden, J. Smith, and J.D. Frame, 1999: Lightning: The multisystem group injuries. Journal of Trauma, 46, 937-940.

Famy, F.S., 1997: Group lightning injury. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M88.

Flannery, D.B., and H. Wiles, 1982: Follow-up of a survivor of intrauterine lightning exposure. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 142, 238.

Flisowski, Z., and C. Mazzetti, 1985: An approximate method of assessment of the electric shock hazard by lightning strike. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 449-453.

Fobes, C.B., 1959: Accident on Rumford Whitecap. Appalachia, 32, 562. Fontanarosa, P.B., 1993: Electrical shock and lightning strike. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 22, 378-387.

Fraunfelder, F., and M. Meyer, 1992: Pathophysiology of lightning injury. In C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 92-94.

Frayne, J.H., and B.S. Gilligan, 1987: Neurological sequelae of lightning stroke. Clinical Exp. in Neurology, 24, 195-200.

Fulde, G.W., and S.J. Marsden, 1990: Lightning strikes. Medical Journal of Australia, 153, 496-498.

Gabrielli, L. 1965: Unusual clinical picture of intermittent deafness in a subject struck by lightning. Otorhinolaryngology, 31, 79-90.

Gallagher, T.J., 1988: Lightning on the links. Weatherwise, 41, 212-213.

Gary, C., and E. Gourbiere, 1997: Is the lightning-induced magnetic field dangerous for human beings? Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M16-M22.

-, 1994: La foudre. Des mythologies antiques a la recherche moderne. Paris, Jassou, ISBN 2-225-84507-7.

Gathier, J.C., 1960: Neurological changes in a soldier struck by lightning. Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir., 63, 125-128.

Gem, W., 1913: Case of lightning stroke followed by recovery. Lancet, 2, 288.

Ghezzi, K.T., 1989: Lightning injuries: A unique treatment challenge. Postgraduate Medicine, 85, 197-208.

Gjulev, A., B. Simov, and G. Stamotov, 1972: Effect of lightning on the auditory and vestibular apparatus. Folia Medica-Plovdin, 14, 79-85.

Golde, R.H., and W.R. Lee, 1967: Death by lightning. Proceedings IEEE, 123, 1163-1180.

Gourbiere, E., 1997: Recommendations with regards to the individual protection of people against lightning. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 187-193.

-, and C. Gary, 1997: Keraunopathology: A glossary of electropathology applied to the lightning effects on living creatures. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 194-200.

-, J. Lambrozo, and A. Masi, 1997: Neurological complications of lightning injuries. A case report with late myelopathy - Review of the literature. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M66-M70.

-, E., J. Lambrozo, D. Folliot et al., 1994: Complications et sequelles des accidents dus a la foudre. Revue Generale d'Electicité, 6, 51-66.

-, J. Lanbrozo, C. Virenque, P. Menthonnex, and J. Cabane, 1997: "Lightning injured people in France" the first French national inquiry with regard to the striking of people - objectives, methods, first results. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M71-M83.

-, 1998: Lightning injury to human beings in France. Proceedings, 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 14-18, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Staffordshire University, 814-819.

Graber, J., W. Ummenhofer, and H. Herion, 1996: Lightning accident with eight victims: Case report and brief review of the literature. Journal of Trauma, 40, 288-290.

Greening, L., and S.J. Dollinger, 1992: Adolescents' perceptions of lightning and tornado risks. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 755-762.

Grover, S., and J. Goodwin, 1995: Lightning and electrical injuries: Neuro-opthalmologic aspects. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 335-341.

Guha-Ray, D.K., 1979: Fetal death at term due to lightning. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 134, 103-105.

Handa, J.T., and G.J. Jaffe, 1994: Lightning maculopathy-A case report. Retina, 14, 169-172.

Hanson, G.C., and G.R. McIlwraith, 1973: Lightning injury: Two case histories and a review of management. British Medical Journal, 2, 271-274.

Harrison, S.H., 1955: Lightning burns. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 8,154-157.

Harwood, S.J., P.G. Catrou, and G.W. Cole, 1978: Creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme fractions in the serum of a patient struck by lightning. Archives of Internal Medicine, 138, 645-646.

Hawkes, C.H., and J.W. Thorpe, 1992: Acute polyneuropathy due to lightning injury. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 55, 388-390.

Heffernan, D., 1877: Autopsy in a case of death by lightning. Lancet, 2, 266.

Hegner, C.F., 1917: Lightning-some of its effects. Annals of Surgery, 65, 401.

Hocking, B., and C. Andrews, 1989: Fractals and lightning injury. Medical Journal of Australia, 150, 409-410.

Hooshmand, H., F. Radfar, and E. Bechner, 1989: The neurophysiologic aspects of electrical injuries. Clinical Electroencepholography, 20, 111-116.

Howard, J.R., 1966: The effects of lightning and simulated lightning on tissues of animals. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University of Science and Technology.

Iranyi, J., B. Orovecz, E. Somogyi, and K. Iranyi, 1962: Das Blitztrauma in neuer Sicht. Münch. Med. Wochenschr., 104, 196-1500.

Ishikawa, T., 1982: Prevention against lightning accidents in Japan. Nihon University Journal of Medicine, 24, 1-14.

-, T. Miyazawa, M. Ohashi et al., 1981: Experimental studies on the effect of artificial respiration after lightning accidents. Research in Experimental Medicine, 179, 59-68.

-, M. Ohashi, N. Kitigawa, Y. Nagai, and T. Miyazawa, 1985: Experimental study on the lethal threshold value of multiple successive voltage impulses to rabbits simulating multi-strike lightning flash. International Journal of Biometeorology, 29, 157-168.

Isler, C., 1976: Don't act thunderstruck: Save victims of lightning. RN Magazine, 39, 37-39.

Jackson, S.H.D., and K.J. Parry, 1980: Lightning and the heart. British Heart Journal, 43, 454-457.

Jaffe, R., 1928: Electropathology-review of the pathological changes produced by electric current. Archives of Pathology, 5, 839.

Janus, T.J., and J. Barrash, 1996: Neurologic and neurobehavioral effects of electric and lightning injuries. Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation, 17, 409-415.

Jellinek, S., 1942: Death by lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 714.

Jex-Blake, A.J., 1913: Goulstonian lectures: Death by electric currents and by lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 425-430; 492-498; 548-552; 601-603.

Johnstone, B.R., D.L. Harding, and B. Hocking, 1986: Telephone-related lightning injury. Medical Journal of Australia, 144, 706-708.

Jones, D.T., F. P. Ogren, L.H. Roh, and G.F. Moore, 1991: Lightning and its effect on the auditory system. Laryngoscope, 101, 830-834.

Jumbelic, M.I., 1995: Forensic perspectives of electrical and lightning injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 342-350.

Junkins, E.P. et al., 1999: Lightning strike to the head of a helmeted motorcyclist. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17, 213-214 (letter).

Kahn, A.M., and U.L. McGrady-Kahn, 1981: Lightning burns. Western Journal of Medicine, 134, 215-219.

Karobath, H., W. Undt, and H. Hofschneider, 1971: Zur Wirkung des Blitzschlages auf den Organisms mit besonderer Berucksichtgung der Auswirkungen auf das Herz. Verh. Deutschen Ges. Innere Medizin., 77, 455-457.

Kitagawa, N. et al., 1971: Experimental studies on artificial lightning stroke with dummies and rabbits. Kagaku, 40, 486-494.

-, K. Kinoshita, and T. Ishikawa, 1972: Discharge experiments using dummies and rabbits simulating lightning strokes on human bodies. International Journal of Biometeorology, 17, 239-241.

-, S. Tsurumi, T. Ishikawa, and M. Ohashi, 1985: The nature of lightning discharges on human bodies and the basis for safety and protection. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 435-438.

-, 1994: Practical methods of minimizing lightning injuries on human bodies. Proceedings, Conference on Lightning and Mountains, June 6-9, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France.

-, M. Ohashi, A. Tsuyuki, and T. Ishikawa, 1996: Clinical and experimental studies on lightning injuries. Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 10-14, Osaka, Japan, International Commission of Atmospheric Electricity, The Society of Atmospheric Electricity of Japan, 305-308.

-, N., M. Ahashi, A. Tsuyuki, T. Ishikawa, and Y. Nagai, 1996: Lightning injuries caused by multi-strike-point thunderbolts. Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), September 23-27, Florence, Italy, 733-737.

Kleiner, J.P., and J.H. Wilkin, 1978: Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. Journal of the American Medical Association, 240, 2757-2759.

Kleinot, S., D.M. Klachko, and K.J. Keeley, 1966: Cardiac effects of lightning injury. South African Medical Journal, 40, 1141-1143.

Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K., 1995: Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 323-328.

Knaggs, R.H., 1894: Unusual injuries caused by lightning stroke. Lancet, 2, 1216.

Kobayashi, T., 1974: Aural trauma caused by electric shock by lightning. Otolaryngology, 40, 529.

Kobernich, M., 1982: Electrical injuries: Pathophysiology and emergency management. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 11, 633-638.

Koch, F.X., J.P Torres, J. Godart, J.M. Lacroute, and E. Menthonnex, 1997: Keraunopathology: Prehospital strategy and organization of the hospitalization case of a multiple victims fulguration. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M53-M60.

Kotagal, S., C.A. Rawlings, S. Chen et al., 1982: Neurologic, psychiatric, and cardiovascular complications in children struck by lightning. Pediatrics, 70, 190-192.

Kotsos, T.P., S. Zimmermann, and M.A. Cooper, 1998: Acute cardio-respiratory effects of simulated lightning pulse applied across hairless rats. Preprints, International Lightning Detection Conference, November 16-18, Tucson, Arizona, Global Atmospherics, Inc., Tucson, 2 pp.

Krasheminnikov, V.F., 1965: Lightning injuries of the ear. Zh Ushn Nos Gorl Bolez, 25, 75.

Krasnov, A.K., 1967: A contribution to case histories on lightning injuries. Forensic Medical Examination, 10, 45-46.

Kravitz, H., M.J. Wasserman, J. Valaitis et al., 1977: Lightning injury. American Journal of Disabled Children, 131, 413-415.

Kristensen, S., and K. Tveteras, 1985: Lightning-induced acoustic rupture of the tympanic membrane (a report of two cases). Journal of Laryngology and Otolaryngology, 99, 711-713.

Krob, M.J., and A.E. Cram, 1983: Lightning injuries: A multisystem trauma. Journal of the Iowa Medical Society, 6, 221-225.

Krupnick, J.E., K.B. Gelb, and J.D. Uman, 1992: Legal implications of lightning damage, injury, and death. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 157-162.

Lagreze, W.A.., T.G. Bomer, and L.P. Aiello, 1995: Lightning-induced ocular injury. Archives of Ophthalmology, 113, 1076-1077.

Lawson, R., 1889: On the deaths caused by lightning in England and Wales from 1852 to 1880, as recorded in the returns of the Registrar-General. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 15, 140-15.

Lea, J.A., 1920: Paresis of accommodation following injury by lightning. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 4, 417.

Lee, R.C., and M.S. Kolodney, 1987: Electrical injury mechanisms: Electrical breakdown of cell membranes. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 80, 672-679.

Lee, W.R., 1977: Lightning injuries and death. In Lightning protection. Golde, R.H., Editor, Academic Press, 2, 521-543.

-, and S. Zoledziowsi, 1964: Effects of electric shock on respiration in the rabbit. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 21, 135-144.

Lehman, L.B., 1991: Successful management of an adult lightning victim using intracranial pressure monitoring. Neurosurgery, 28, 907-910.

Leveille-Nizerolle, M., J. Lintzer, and A. Berezin, 1978: Consequences auriculaires d'un coup de foudre. Ann. Otolarygol. (Paris), 95, 695-702.

Leys, K., 1942: Spinal atrophic paralysis case following lightning stroke. Edinburgh Medical Journal, 49, 657-659.

Lichtenberg, R., D. Dries, K. Ward W. Marshall, and P. Scanlon, 1993: Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. Journal of the American College of Cardiologists, 21, 531-536.

Lifshultz, B.D., and E.R. Donoghue, 1993: Deaths caused by lightning. Journal of Forensic Science, 38, 353-358.

Lossnitzerv, K., J.D. Faulhaber, and M. Stauch, 1973: ECG early observations shortly after lightning strike. Z. Kardiologie, 62, 520-525.

Lushine, J.B., 1996: Underreporting of lightning deaths in Florida. Preprints, International Lightning Detection Conference, November 4-6, Tucson, Arizona, Global Atmospherics, Inc., Tucson, 3pp.

Lynch, M.J.G., and P.H. Shorthouse, 1949: Injuries and deaths from lightning. Lancet, 1, 473-478.

Mackerras, D., 1992: Occurrence of lightning death and injury. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 39-46.

-, 1992: Protection from lightning. In Lightning injuries: Electrical, medical, and legal aspects, C.J. Andrews, M.A. Cooper, M. Darveniza, and D. Mackerras, Editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 145-156.

Mackintosh, D., 1864. Notes on three persons struck by lightning. Lancet, 30 July, 118.

Maggied, S.M., 1973: Lightning's incredible attack on American football in 1970. Ohio State Medical Journal, 69, 603-606.

Mann, H., Z. Kozic, and M.I. Boulos, 1983: CT of lightning injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 4, 976-977.

Marcus, M.A.E., N. Thijs, and A.I.F. Meulemans, 1994: A prolonged but successful resuscitation of a patient struck by lightning. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1, 199-202.

Marriott, H.L., 1951: Lightning effects. In Medical Treatment-Principles and their application, G. Evans, Editor, Butterworth, London, 300.

Martyal, G.G., and M.E. Ryan, 1979: Lightning "deaths" can be reversed. Emergency Department News, 26.

Massello, W., 1988: Lightning deaths. Medical-Legal Bulletin, 3.

Matthews, M.S., and A.L Fahey, 1997: Plastic surgical considerations in lightning injuries. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 39, 561-565.

McCarthy, L.J., and C. Parker, 1987: Positive antiglobulin tests in a boy struck by lightning. Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 305, 283.

McGraw, C.P. 1976: Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring, review of techniques and presentation of method. Surg. Neurol., 6, 149.

McHugh, T.P., 1994: Lightning and electrical injuries. Critical Decisions in Emergency Medicine, 10, 8-14.

Milward, T., 1975: Prolonged gastric dilatation as a complication of lightning injury. Burns, 1, 175-178.

Milzman, D.P., L. Moskowitz, and M. Hardel, 1999: Lightning strikes at mass gathering. South Medical Journal, 92, 708-10.

Moolaor, P, and C. Annoppetch, 1993: Lightning injury: A case report. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 76, 410-414.

Moore, M.C., 1956: Ocular injury from lightning current and lightning flash. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of Australia, 16, 87-92.

Moran, K.T., 1986: Electric- and lightning-induced cardiac arrest reversed by prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 2157.

-, J.N. Thupari, and A.M. Munster, 1986: Lightning injury: Physics, pathophysiology and clinical features. Irish Medical Journal, 79, 120-122.

Morgan, Z.V., R.N. Headley, E.A. Alexander, and C.G. Sawyer, 1958: Atrial fibrillation and epidural hematoma associated with lightning stroke. New England Journal of Medicine, 259, 956-959.

Morikawa, S., and F. Strichen, 1960: Successful resuscitation after "death" from lightning. Anesthesiology, 21, 222-224.

Moser, M.Y., 1986: When lightning strikes. American Journal of Nursing, 86, 802-803.

Moulson, A.M., 1984: Blast injury of the lungs due to lightning. British Medical Journal, 289, 1270-1271.

Msonge, B., and R.L. Evans, 1976: Lightning stroke on Ikerewe Island. East African Medical Journal, 53, 350-351.

Mt. Stuart Accident, 1953: On the lightning accident on Mt. Stuart in the Cascades. Appalachia, 29, 416-417.

Muto, T., 1972: Marks of lightning on the skin: Clinical observations and its experimental simulation. Keio Igaku, 49, 51-59.

Myers, G.J., M.T. Colgan, and D.H. VanDyke, 1977: Lightning-strike disaster among children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 238, 1045-1046.

Nagai, Y., T. Ishikawa, M. Ohashi, and N. Kitigawa, 1982: Study of lethal effects of multiple-stroke flash lethal effects on rabbits subjected to 3-successive voltage impulses simulating multiple-stroke flash. Research Letters in Atmospheric Physics, 2, 8790.

Nedlina, E.M., 1968: ECG observations in lightning stroke. Kardiologia, 8, 139-141.

Nesmith, M.A., 1971: A case of lightning stroke. Journal of the Florida Medical Association, 58-6, 36-37.

Noel, L.P., W.N. Clarke, and D. Addison, 1980: Ocular complications of lightning. Journal of Pediatric and Ophthalmological Strabismus, 17, 245-246.

Norman, M.E., and B.R. Younge, 1999: Association of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone with reversal of blindness from lightning in two patients. Ophthalmology, 106, 743-745.

O'Brien, C.F., 1995: Involuntary movement disorders following lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 263-267.

Ogren, F.P., and A.L. Edmunds, 1995: Neuro-otologic findings in the lightning-injured patient. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 256-262.

Ohashi, M., N. Kitagawa, and T. Ishikawa, 1986: Lightning injury caused by discharges accompanying flashover-A clinical and experimental study of death and survival. Burns, 12, 496-501.

Ost, L.G., 1978: Behavioural treatment of thunder and lightning phobias. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 16, 19-207.

Ozgun, B., and M. Castillo, 1995: Basal ganglia hemorrhage related to lightning strike American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16, 1370-1371.

Palmer, A.B.D., 1984: Lightning injury causing prolongation of the Q-T interval. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 63, 891-894.

Paterson, J.H., and A. Turner, 1944: Lightning and the central nervous system. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 82, 73-75.

Patten, B.M., 1992: Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol. Clin., 10, 1047-1058. Peters, W.J., 1983: Lightning injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 128, 148-150.

Peterson, A.E., 1962: Lightning hazards to mountaineers. American Alpine Journal, 13, 143-154.

Pierce, M.R., R.A. Henderson, and J.M. Mitchell, 1986: Cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to lightning injury in a pregnant woman. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15, 597-599.

Prentice, S.A., 1972: Lightning fatalities in Australia. Transactions of the Electrical Engineering Institute of Australia, 8, 55-63.

-, 1973: Death by lightning. The Medical Journal of Australia, April 11, 252.

-, R.A. Henderson, and J.M. Mitchell, 1986: Cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to lightning injury in a pregnant woman. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15, 597-599.

Plueckhahn, V.D., 1986: Injury and death caused by lightning. Medical Journal of Australia, 144, 673.

Poulson P., and P. Knudstrup, 1986: Lightning causing inner ear damage and intracranial haematoma. Journal of Laryngology and Otolaryngology, 100, 1067-1071.

Primeau, M, G.H. Engelstatter, and K.K. Bares, 1995: Behavioral consequences of lightning and electrical injury. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 279-285.

-, -, and M.A. Cooper, 1995: Psychological sequelae of lightning injury. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Williamsburg, VA., U.S. Navy Report NAWCADPAX--95-306-PRO, 44-1-44-8.

-, M.A. Cooper, and K. Getz, 1997: Is lightning injury similar to head injury? Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M32.

Ramsey, F.S., and J.R. Howard, 1970: Diagnosis of lightning stroke. Journal of the American Veterinarian Association, 156, 1472-1474.

Ravitch, M.M., R. Lane, P. Safar, F.M. Steichen, and P. Knowles, 1961: Lightning strike: Report of a case with recovery after cardiac massage and prolonged artificial respiration. New England Journal of Medicine, 264, 36-38.

Raymond, L.F., 1967: Specific treatment of uveitis-Lightning induced: An auto-immune disease. American Journal of Allergy, 27, 242-244.

Read, 1966: Man struck by lightning, marked ECG changes hours later. Medical Tribune, March 28, 3.

Redleaf, M.I., and B.F. McCabe, 1993: Lightning injury of the tympanic membrane. Am. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol, 102, 867-868.

Rees, W.D., 1965: Pregnant woman struck by lightning. British Medical Journal, 1, 103-104.

Resnik, B.I., and C.V. Wetli, 1996: Lichtenberg figures. American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, 17, 99-102.

Rich, J., 1986: Lightning injury. Nursing 16, 25. Richards, A., 1973: Traumatic facial palsy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 66, 28-29.

Robinson, M., and P.N. Seward, 1986: Electrical and lightning injuries in children. Paediatrics and Emergency Care, 2, 186-190.

Royer, J., and F. Gainett, 1972: Consequences oculaires de la fulguration: A propos d'un cas. Bulletin of the Society of Ophthalmology of France, 72, 491-497.

Rush, M., and J. Glasser, 1981: Lightning risk. Reviews of Environmental Health, 3, 301-313.

Sache, L., A. Pauthier, P. Declety, M.H. Schmidt, P. Piot, D. Tavernier, and R. Faitg, 1997: Interest of the Lichtenberg figures for the retrospective diagnosis of a lightning-related injury. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M51-M52.

Saddler, M.C., and J.E. Thomas, 1990: Temporary bulbar palsy following lightning strike. Central African Journal of Medicine, 36, 161-162.

Scheulen, J.J., and A.M. Munster, 1983: The lightning injury. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 4, 101-105.

Scott. J.L., 1985: Lightning deaths in Great Britain and Ireland. Weather, 40, 28.

Shapiro, M.B., 1984: Lightning cataracts. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 83, 23-24.

Shantha, T.R., 1991: Causalgia induced by telephone-mediated lightning electrical injury and treated by interpleural block. Anesth. Analg., 73, 502-508.

Sharmi, M., and A. Smith, 1978: Paraplegia as a result of lightning injury. British Medical Journal, 2, 1464-1465.

Shaw, D., and M. York-Moore, 1957: Neuro-psychiatric sequelae of lightning stroke. British Medical Journal, 2, 1152-1155.

Shaw, G.P. and L. S. Atkinson, 1981: Hearing loss secondary to lightning strike. Otolaryngology, 2, 233-234.

Shaw, P.K.C., R.E. Brouwer, P.J. Spaander, and U.I. Tjandra, 1996: Nature's high-voltage injuries: Sometimes a deadly consequence. Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 49, 153-159.

Sheppard, L.B., 1945: Report of an eye injured by lightning. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 28, 196-198.

Shulman, K., A. Marmarou, and J.D. Miller, 1980: Intracranial pressure IV. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Silverman, N.M., 1936: Unilateral deafness as a sequel to non-fatal lightning trauma. Journal of the Indiana Medical Association, 29, 530.

Silversides, J., 1961: The neurological sequelae of electrical injury. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 91, 195-204.

Simonetti, A., 1997: A short report of the results studing "The influence of thunderstorm during peoples stay at camping site". Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, 209.

Sinha, A.K., 1985: Lightning-induced myocardial injury, a case report with management. Angiology, 36, 327-331.

Skan, D.A., 1949: Death from lightning-stroke, with multiple injuries. British Medical Journal, 1, 666.

Slingerland, I., 1914: Lightning stroke. New York State Medical Journal, 14, 466. Smith, J., 1983: Lightning injuries. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 9, 248-250.

Sneed, R.C., 2000: Unrestricted riding in pickup truck cargo beds poses significant hazards. Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association, 41, 485-490.

Solterman, B., A. Frutiger, and M. Kuhn, 1991: Lightning injury with lung bleeding in a tracheotomized patient. Chest, 99, 240-243.

Spencer, H.A., 1932: Lightning, lightning stroke, and its treatment. Balliere, London, 91 pp.

Spieth, M.E., R.L. Kimura, T.D. Schryer et al., 1994: Air traffic controller lightning strike. Journal of the National Medical Association, 86, 713-715.

Spirov, A., 1968: Ear damage caused by lightning. Vojnosanit Pregl, 25, 648-651.

Stanley, L.D., and R.A. Suss, 1985: Intracerebral hematoma secondary to lightning stroke: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery, 16, 686-688.

Stanley-Turner, H.M., 1942: Death by lightning. British Medical Journal, Oct. 24, 503.

Steinbaum, S., J.D. Harviel, J.H. Jaffin, et al., 1994: Lightning strike to the head: Case report. Journal of Trauma, 36, 113-115.

Stephenson, H.E., 1974: Resuscitation after lightning shock. In Cardiac arrest and resuscitation, 4th edition, C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 386-388.

Strasser, E.J., R.M. Davis, and M.J. Menchey, 1977: Lightning injuries. Journal of Trauma, 17, 315-319.

Struzewski, B., and P. Struzewski, 1985: Lightning discharge not causing death as a significant hazard for human hearing organ. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, VDE-VERLAG GmbH, Berlin.

Sweeney, P.J., 1998: A bolt from the blue: Lightning strike to the head. Neurology, 50, 830.

Subramanian, N., B. Somasundaram, and J.K. Periasamy, 1985: Cardiac injury due to lightning and report of a survivor. Indian Heart Journal, 37, 72-73.

Suri, M.L., and G.P. Vijayan, 1978: Neurological sequelae of lightning. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 26, 209-212.

Tandberg, D., and C.M. Brown, 1990: Destruction of hearing aid by lightning strike. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 8, 326-328.

Taussig, H.B., 1968: "Death" from lightning and the possibility of living again. Annals of Internal Medicine, 68, 1345-1353.

-, 1969: "Death" from lightning and the possibility of living again. American Scientist, 57, 306-316.

ten Duis, H.J., and H.J. Klasen, 1985: Keraunoparalysis, a 'specific' lightning injury. Burns, 12, 54-57.

-, H.J. Klassen, M.W.N. Nijsten, and L. Pietronero, 1987: Superficial lightning injuries-their 'fractal' shape and origin. Burns, 13, 141-146.

-, and J. Goodwin, 1995: Lightning and electrical injuries: Acute electrical burns. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 381-386.

Terranova, S., 1957: Su un caso dinfarto miocardico da elettrocuzione atmosferiea. Riforma Medica (Napoli), 71, 93-96.

Thomas, J.L., 1904: Two cases of lightning-stroke. British Medical Journal, 2, 1155.

Tiscornia, A., 1921: Bilateral cataract from lightning stroke. Journal of the American Medical Association, 77, 1930.

Tomlinson, C., 1875: On lightning figures. Nature, 12, 9-11. Torres, E., 1997: Mortal injury due to a lightning strike in the "Gorges du Verdon" (Haut Provence Alpes) the 5th of August 1995. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M28-M31.

Tribble, C.G., J.A. Persing, R.F. Morgan, J.G. Kenny, and R.F. Edlich, 1985: Lightning injuries. Comprehensive Therapy, 11, 32-40.

Vianello, F., 1997: A man in the thunderstorm: Coronary injuries and electric shock. Cardiology, 88, 486.

Villard, C., M. Boissonnot, and J. Risse et al., 1985: Complication oculaire par fulguration: Discussion a propos de deux cas simultanes. Bulletin of the Society of Ophthalmology of France, 85, 1031-1034.

Virenque, C., M. Batut, F. Jean, and P. Roche, 1997: Insured property damage due to lightning in the United States. Proceedings, Lightning and Mountains '97, June 1-5, Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France, M84-M86.

Van Zomeren, A.H., H.J. ten Duis, J.M. Minderhoud, and M. Sipma, 1998: Lightning stroke and neuropsychological impairment: Cases and questions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych., 64, 763-769.

Wakasugi, C., and M. Masui, 1986: Secondary brain hemorrhages associated with lightning stroke: Report of a case. Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine, 40, 42-44.

Walton, A.S., R.W. Harper, and G.L. Coggins, 1988: Myocardial infarction after electrocution. Medical Journal of Australia, 148, 365-367.

Wang, P.-K., and J.-H. Chu, 1982: Unusual lightning events in ancient Chinese literature. Weatherwise, 35, 119-122.

Watt, D.W., 1909: Death by lightning. British Medical Journal, March 20, 742-743.

Weeramanthri, T.S., I.B. Puddy, and L.J. Beilin, 1981: Lightning strike and autonomic failure-coincidence or causally related? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84, 687-688.

Wehe, W., 1918: Report of a case of burns from lightning. International Journal of Surgery, 191-194.

Weinstein, L., 1979: Lightning: A rare case of intrauterine death with maternal survival. Southern Medical Journal, 72, 632-633.

Weiss, K.S., 1980: Otologic lightning bolts. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 1, 334-337.

West, G., 1955: Lightning as a cause of hearing loss. Maryland State Medical Journal, 4, 35-37.

Wetli, C.V., 1996: Keraunopathology - an analysis of 45 fatalities. American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, 17, 89-98.

Wilbourn, A.J., 1995: Peripheral nerve disorders in electrical and lightning injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 241-255.

Wilks, G., 1879: Case of lightning stroke. Lancet, 2, 655.

Wood, R.A., 1985: A dangerous family: The thunderstorm and its offspring. Weatherwise, 38, 131-135.

Woods, J.D., 1952: Spinal atrophic paralysis following lightning stroke. South African Medical Journal, 26, 92-93.

Wright, F.W., Jr., and K.C. Silk, 1974: Acoustic and vestibular defects in lightning survivors. Laryngoscope, 84, 1378-1387.

Yarnell, P.R. and D.P. Lammertse, 1995: Neurorehabilitation of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 15, 391-396.

Yorkshire Branch, Annual Meeting, 1875. British Medical Journal, 2, 59. Yost, J.W., and F.F. Holmes, 1974: Myoglobinuria following lightning stroke. Journal of the American Medical Association, 228, 1147-1148.

Youngs, R.J. Deck, P. Kwok, and M. Hawke, 1988: Severe sensorineural hearing loss caused by lightning. Archives of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 14, 1184-1187.

Zack, F., U. Hammer, I. Klett, and R. Wegener, 1997: Myocardial injury due to lightning. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 110, 326-328.

Zeana, C.D., 1984: Acute transient myocardial ischemia after lightning injury. International Journal of Cardiology, 5, 207-209.

Zehender, M., 1994: Images in clinical medicine. Struck by lightning. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 1492.

Zubarev, S.F., 1971: A case of bilateral cataract from lightning. Sov. Zdravoorkhar Kirg., 3, 62-63.