YEAR BY YEAR BIBLIOGRAPHY ON REAL-TIME LIGHTNING DETECTION NETWORKS

This bibliography includes all published papers on real-time lightning mapping systems. It includes papers beginning in the 1970s describing the methodology that led directly to network instrumentation. It also includes published studies on applications of lightning data from detection networks, and network performance studies. Many informal publications will not be readily accessible, however, they give the flow of ideas and studies that have occurred during the history of this instrumentation. Papers are separated into formal and informal categories. A bibliography by author is available. This list is updated periodically at www.nssl.noaa.gov/holle.

This listing organizes papers by year. Within the year, papers are ordered by the first author, then by number and names of co-authors, then by titles of papers.

To be included in the bibliographies, references need the following features:

• Networks of 2 or more antennas.
• Networks are used in real-time operations by agencies providing weather information, services to utilities, forest fire protection, or similar operations.
• References usually include a figure or table containing network-derived lightning data.
• An activity must be performed with the data beyond mentioning their existence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LIGHTNING NETWORK PUBLICATIONS BY YEAR

1976

Formal

Herrman, B.D., M.A. Uman, R.D. Brantley, and E.P. Krider, 1976: Test of the principle of operation of a wide-band magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 15, 402-415.

Krider, E.P., R.C. Noggle, and M.A. Uman, 1976: A gated, wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 15, 301-306.

1977

Informal

Boulanger, A.G., and M.W. Maier, 1977: On the frequency of cloud-to-ground lightning from tropical cumulonimbus clouds. Proceedings, 11th Technical Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, December 13-16, Miami Beach, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 450-454.

1978

Informal

Maier, M.W., A.G. Boulanger, and J. Sarlat, 1978: Cloud-to-ground lightning frequency over south Florida. Preprints, Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity, July 31-August 4, Issaquah, Washington, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 605-610.

1979

Formal

Lin, Y.T., M.A. Uman, J.A. Tiller, R.D. Brantley, W.H. Beasley, E.P. Krider, and C.D. Weidman, 1979: Characterization of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields from simultaneous two-station measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 6307-6314.

McDonald, T.B., M.A. Uman, J.A. Tiller, and W.H. Beasley, 1979: Lightning location and lower ionospheric height determination from two station magnetic field measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1727-1734.

Informal

Maier, M.W., A.G. Boulanger, and R.I. Sax, 1979: An initial assessment of flash density and peak current characteristics of lightning flashes to ground in south Florida. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report NUREG/CR-1024, 43 pp.

Poehler, H.A., and C.L. Lennon, 1979: Lightning Detection and Ranging System, LDAR, system description and performance objectives. NASA Technical Memorandum 741005.

1980

Formal

Krider, E.P., R.C. Noggle, A.E. Pifer, and D.L. Vance, 1980: Lightning direction-finding systems for forest fire detection. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 61, 980-986.

Uman, M.A., Y.T. Lin, and E.P. Krider, 1980: Errors in magnetic direction finding due to nonvertical lightning channels. Radio Science, 15, 35-39.

Informal

Johnson, R.L., D.E. Janota, and J.E. Hay, 1980: A study of the comparative performance of six lightning warning systems. NASA Conference Publication 2128, April 1980.

Krider, E.P., A.E. Pifer, and M.A. Uman, 1980: An automatic locating system for cloud-to-ground lightning. Lightning Technology, Proceedings, Technical Symposium, NASA Langley Research Center, April 22-24, Hampton, Virginia, NASA Conference Publication 2128, FAA-RD-80-30.

Maier, M.W., and R.L. Holle, 1980: Cloud-ground lightning rate dependence on radar echo height. EOS, 61, 975.

Rea, J.E., and C.E. Fontana, 1980: An automatic lightning detection system in northern California. Western Region, National Weather Service, NOAA, Technical Memorandum WR-153, Salt Lake City, Utah, 15 pp. [NTIS Number NOAA-80073106].

1981

Informal

Maier, M.W., and R.L. Holle, 1981: FACE-2 data reductions and analyses (prior to disclosure of the treatment decisions): Part VI. Cloud-to-ground lightning data for FACE-2. Office of Weather Research and Modification, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Technical Memorandum ERL OWRM-10, 37 pp.

1982

Formal

Johnson, R.L., D.E. Janota, and J.E. Hay, 1982: An operational comparison of lightning warning systems. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 21, 703-707.

McGraw, M.G., 1982: 'On-line' lightning maps lead crews to 'trouble.' Electrical World, 196, 111-114.

Pierce, E.T., 1982: Sferics and other electrical techniques for storm investigations. In Thunderstorms, Volume 3, Instruments and Techniques for Thunderstorm Observation and Analysis, E. Kessler, (editor), United States Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado, 135-147.

Rust, W.D., W.L. Taylor, and D.R. MacGorman, 1982: Preliminary study of lightning location relative to storm structure. AIAA Journal, 20, 404-409.

Informal

Holle, R.L., and M.W. Maier, 1982: Radar echo height related to cloud-ground lightning in south Florida. Preprints, 12th Conference on Severe Local Storms, January 11-15, San Antonio, Texas, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 330-333.

Jackson, P., 1982: Satellite imagery and lightning location - A case study. Pacific Region Technical Note 82-014, Atmospheric Environment Service, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 12 pp.

Maier, M.W., and E.P. Krider, 1982: A comparative study of the cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics in Florida and Oklahoma thunderstorms. Preprints, 12th Conference on Severe Local Storms, January 11-15, San Antonio, Texas, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 334-337.

Orville, R.E., M.W. Maier, F.R. Mosher, D.P. Wylie, and W.D. Rust, 1982: The simultaneous display in a severe storm of lightning ground strike locations onto satellite images and radar reflectivity patterns. Preprints, 12th Conference on Severe Local Storms, January 11-15, San Antonio, Texas, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 448-451.

Raynor, H.W., 1982: Evaluation of the B.C. lightning location system at the Pacific Weather Centre. Pacific Region Technical Note 82-022, Atmospheric Environment Service, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 6 pp.

Todd, S., and K. Labas, 1982: Using the lightning detection chart in real time . . . Two cases. Western Region Technical Attachment 82-37, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 16 pp.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1982: Experimental lightning detection charts help locate thunderstorms. Western Region Technical Attachment 82-32, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 5 pp.

1983

Formal

Orville, R.E., R.W. Henderson, and L.F. Bosart, 1983a: An east coast lightning detection network. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 64, 1029-1037.

Informal

Bent, R. B., P. W. Casper, T. H. Scheffler, and R. Leep, 1983: A unique time of arrival technique for accurately locating lightning over large areas. Preprints, Fifth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, April 11-15, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 505-511.

Binford, R.C., L.G. Byerley, E.P. Krider, M.W. Maier, A.D. Pifer, and M.A. Uman, 1983: Wideband magnetic direction finder networks for locating cloud-to-ground lightning. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 21-23, Fort Worth, Texas, National Interagency Coordination Group, 50-1 to 50-14.

Geotis, S.G., and R.E. Orville, 1983: Simultaneous observations of lightning ground strokes and radar reflectivity patterns. Preprints, 21st Conference on Radar Meteorology, September 19-23, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 57-58.

Goodman, S.J., 1983: Lightning activity associated with severe storms embedded within a mesoscale convective storm complex. Preprints, 13th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 17-20, Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 29-32.

Holle, R.L., R.E. López, and W.L. Hiscox, 1983: Relationships between lightning occurrences and radar echo characteristics in south Florida. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 21-23, Fort Worth, Texas, National Interagency Coordination Group, 14-1 to 14-9.

López, R.E., R.L. Holle, and W.L. Hiscox, 1983: Climatological characteristics of lightning over south Florida and their correlation with radar activity. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 21-23, Fort Worth, Texas, National Interagency Coordination Group, 15-1 to 15-16.

Lyons, W.A., and R.B. Bent, 1983: Evaluation of the time-of-arrival (TOA) technique for real-time ground strike measurements using the Lightning Position and Tracking System (LPATS). Preprints, 13th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 17-20, Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 37-40.

MacGorman, D.R., W.D. Rust, and W.L. Taylor, 1983: Cloud-to-ground lightning in tornadic storms on 22 May 1981. Preprints, 13th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 17-20, Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 197-200.

-, W.L. Taylor, and A.A. Few, 1983: Some spatial and temporal relationships between lightning and storm structure and evolution. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 21-23, Fort Worth, Texas, National Interagency Coordination Group, 5-1 to 5-7.

Maier, M.W., and J.M. Piotrowicz, 1983: Improved estimates of the area density of cloud-to-ground lightning over the United States. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 21-23, Fort Worth, Texas, National Interagency Coordination Group, 6-1.

-, R.C. Binford, L.G. Byerley, E.P. Krider, A.E. Pifer, and M.A. Uman, 1983: Locating cloud-to-ground lightning with wideband magnetic direction finders. Preprints, 5th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, April 11-15, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 497-504.

Murty, R.C., and S. Lundquist, 1983: Lightning flash counters (LFCs) and lightning location systems (LLS) and user requirements. Preprints, 5th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, April 11-15, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 526-529.

-, S. Israelsson, E. Pisler, and S. Lundquist, 1983: Observations of positive lightning in Sweden. Preprints, 5th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, April 11-15, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 512-515.

Orville, R.E., R.W. Henderson, and L.F. Bosart, 1983b: An east coast lightning detection network. Preprints, 5th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, April 11-15, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 520-525.

-, R.W. Henderson, and M.W. Maier, 1983c: Electrical activity in severe storms. Preprints, 13th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 17-20, Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 194-196.

Rust, W.D., W.L. Taylor, D.R. MacGorman, R.T. Arnold, S.J. Goodman, and V. Mazur, 1983: Storm electricity research in Oklahoma: An overview. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 21-23, Fort Worth, Texas, National Interagency Coordination Group, 1-1 to 1-8.

1984

Formal

Idone, V.P., R.E. Orville, and R.W. Henderson, 1984: Ground truth: A positive cloud-to-ground lightning flash. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 23, 1148-1151.

Mach, D.M., 1984: Evaluation of an LLP ground strike locating system. Thesis, Master of Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 54 pp.

Maier, L.M., E.P. Krider, and M.W. Maier, 1984: Average diurnal variation of summer lightning over the Florida peninsula. Monthly Weather Review, 112, 1134-1140.

Peckham, W., M. Uman, and C. Wilcox, 1984: Lightning phenomenology in the Tampa Bay area. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 11789-11805.

Informal

Bent, R.B., and W.A. Lyons, 1984: Theoretical evaluations and initial operational experiences of LPATS (Lightning Position And Tracking System) to monitor lightning ground strikes using a time-of-arrival (TOA) technique. Preprints, 7th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June, 3-8, Albany, New York, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 317-324.

-, R.B., W.F. Highlands, and W.A. Lyons, 1984: Theoretical and operational evaluation of a time-of-arrival (TOA) Lightning position and Tracking System (LPATS). Preprints, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Orlando, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, 6-1 to 6-18.

Bunting, J.S., 1984: Federal lightning detection systems improve agency operations, but are inefficiently located, and lack coordination to form a national network. Preprints, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Orlando, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, 5-1 to 5-10.

Christensen, U. and L.-G. Nilsson, 1984: A lightning detection system in Sweden. Preprints, Second International Symposium on Nowcasting, Norrköping, Sweden, European Space Agency, Paris, France, 213-218.

Fathauer, T., 1984: Heavy showers where lightning didn't strike: The Central Tanana River Basin flood of June 15-18, 1984. Alaska Region Technical Attachment 84-7 (B), National Weather Service, NOAA, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1-B to 10-B.

Hiscox, W.L., E.P. Krider, A.E. Pifer, and M.A. Uman, 1984: A systematic method for identifying and correcting 'site errors' in a network of magnetic direction finders. Preprints, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Orlando, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, 7-1 to 7-5.

Holle, R.L., R.E. López, W.L. Hiscox, and D. Rosenfeld, 1984: Cloud-ground lightning associated with radar returns in south Florida. Postprints, 15th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, January 9-13, Miami, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 479-484.

Israelsson, E., E. Pisler, and M.A. Enayatollah, 1984: On the occurrence of cloud-to-ground flashes in southern Sweden. Preprints, 7th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 3-8, Albany, New York, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 311-316.

López, R.E., R.L. Holle, C.C. Balch, and W.L. Hiscox, 1984: The relationship between lightning over south Florida and different synoptic situations. Postprints, 15th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, January 9-13, Miami, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 485-492.

MacGorman, D.R., M.W. Maier, and W.D. Rust, 1984: Lightning strike density for the contiguous United States from thunderstorm duration records. NUREG/CR-3759, 44 pp. [Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia].

-, W.L. Taylor, W.D. Rust, and R.T. Arnold, 1984: Some characteristics of lightning in severe storms on the Great Plains of the United States. Preprints, VII International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 3-8, Albany, New York, American Meteorological Society, 299-304.

Maier, M.W., L.G. Byerley, R.C. Binford, W.L. Hiscox, E.P. Krider, A.E. Pifer, and M.A. Uman, 1984: Gated, wideband magnetic direction finders for locating cloud-to-ground lightning. Proceedings, International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 3-8, Albany, New York, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 305-310.

Pisler, E., 1984: Registration of lightning during the winter 79/80 using LLP system. Institute of High Tension Research, Uppsala, Sweden, UURIE: 153-84.

Rasch, G.E., and M.A. Mathewson, 1984: Collection and use of lightning strike data in the western United States during summer 1983. Western Region Technical Memorandum NWS WR-184, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 33 pp.

Schütte, T., 1984: An experimental study of the angle correction of the direction finders of the LLP system in Sweden. Institute of High Tension Research, Uppsala, Sweden, UURIE:158-84. Uman, M.A., 1984: Application of advances in lightning research to lightning protection. Preprints, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Orlando, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, 1-1 to 1-13.

Watson, A.I., R.E. López, R.L. Holle, and J.R. Daugherty, 1984: Preliminary results of associating cloud-to-ground lightning with surface convergence and radar reflectivity at Kennedy Space Center in 1983. Environmental Sciences Group, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Technical Memorandum ERL ESG-7, Boulder, Colorado, 88 pp.

1985

Formal

Guillo, P.Y., 1985: Study of lightning parameters using advanced analytical and statistical tools. Thesis, M.A. Sc., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Richard, P., and G. Auffray, 1985: VHF-UHF interferometric measurements, applications to lightning discharge mapping. Radio Science, 20, 171-192.

Informal

Goodman, S.J., 1985: Real-time applications for remotely sensed lightning observations. Preprints, Conference on Aerospace and Range Meteorology, August 27-29, Huntsville, Alabama, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

-, and D.R. MacGorman, 1985: Lightning activity in mesoscale convective systems. Preprints, 14th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 29-November 1, Indianapolis, Indiana, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 368-371.

Holle, R.L., A.I. Watson, J.R. Daugherty, and R.E. López, 1985: Cloud-to-ground lightning in the mesoscale convective system on May 20-21, 1979 during SESAME. Preprints, 14th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 29-November 1, Indianapolis, Indiana, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 359-362.

Israelsson, S., E. Pisler, and T. Schütte, 1985: The use of an automatic lightning location system in Sweden. Institutet för Högspänningsforskning, Uppsala Universitet.

Lee, A.C.L., and C.G. Collier, 1985: The detection and forecasting of lightning. Preprints, 2nd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, June 19-21, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 168-171.

López, R.E., and R.L. Holle, 1985: Diurnal and spatial variability of lightning activity in central Florida during the summer. Environmental Sciences Group, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Technical Memorandum ERL ESG-13, Boulder, Colorado, 35 pp.

-, and -, 1985: Diurnal and spatial variability of lightning activity in northeastern Colorado during the summer. Environmental Sciences Group, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Technical Memorandum ERL ESG-14, Boulder, Colorado, 38 pp.

-, and -, 1985: Lightning activity in central Florida during the summer. Preprints, 16th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, May 14-17, Houston, Texas, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 90-91.

Lyons, W.A., R.B. Bent, and W.F. Highlands, 1985: Interactive display of LPATS (Lightning Position and Tracking System) ground strike data from operational networks. Preprints, International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, January 7-11, Los Angeles, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 320-327.

-, -, and -, 1985: Operational uses of data from several Lightning Position and Tracking Systems (LPATS). Preprints, 10th International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 10-13, Paris, France, National Interagency Coordination Group, 347-356.

-, K.G. Bauer, R.B. Bent, and W.H. Highlands, 1985: Wide-area real-time thunderstorm mapping using LPATS -- The Lightning Position and Tracking System. Preprints, 2nd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, June 19-21, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 207-214.

MacGorman, D.R., W.D. Rust, and V. Mazur, 1985: Lightning activity and mesocyclone evolution, 17 May 1981. Preprints, 14th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 29-November 1, Indianapolis, Indiana, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 355-358.

Maier, M.W., and W. Jafferis, 1985: Locating rocket triggered lightning using the LLP lightning locating system at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. Preprints, 10th International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 10-13, Paris, France, National Interagency Coordination Group, 337-345.

Nimchuk, N., 1985: The Lightning Location and Protection (LLP) system: Alberta's operational experience. Proceedings, Second Central Region Fire Weather Committee Scientific and Technical Seminar, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 11-17.

Orville, R.E., R. Pyle, R.W. Henderson, R.W. Orville, Jr., and R.A. Weisman, 1985: Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes along the east coast of the United States. Preprints, 10th International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, June 10-13, Paris, France, National Interagency Coordination Group, 333-336.

Pisler, E., 1985: Eine neue Methode zur Messung des Peilfehlers bei Blitzpeilsystemen-Beschreibung und erste Ergebnisse. Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany.

Rust, D.W., D.R. MacGorman, and S.J. Goodman, 1985: Unusual positive cloud-to-ground lightning in Oklahoma storms on 13 May 1983. Preprints, 14th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 29-November 1, Indianapolis, Indiana, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 372-375.

Schütte, T., 1985: The use of the Weibull distribution in thunderstorm statistics. UURIE: 178-85, Institutet för Högspänningsforskning, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden, 22 pp.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1985: Update: Lightning data helps pinpoint early season severe convection. Western Region Technical Attachment 85-19, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4 pp.

1986

Formal

Bosart, L.F., and F. Sanders, 1986: Mesoscale structure in the megalopolitan snowstorm of 11-12 February 1983. Part III: A large-amplitude gravity wave. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 43, 924-939.

Caracena, R., R. Ortiz, and J.A. Augustine, 1986: The crash of Delta flight 191 at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport on 2 August 1985: Multiscale analysis of weather conditions. NOAA Technical Report ERL 430-ESG-2, Boulder, CO, 33 pp.

Goodman, S.J., and D.R. MacGorman, 1986: Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in mesoscale convective complexes. Monthly Weather Review, 114, 2320-2328.

Lee, A.C.L., 1986: An experimental study of the remote location of lightning flashes using a VLF arrival time difference technique. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 112, 203-229.

-, 1986: An operational system for the remote location of lightning flashes using a VLF arrival time difference technique. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3, 630-642.

López, R.E., and R.L. Holle, 1986: Diurnal and spatial variability of lightning activity in northeastern Colorado and central Florida during the summer. Monthly Weather Review, 114, 1288-1312.

Mach, D.M., D.R. MacGorman, W.D. Rust, and R.T. Arnold, 1986: Site errors and detection efficiency in a magnetic direction-finder network for locating lightning strikes to ground. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3, 67-74.

Orville, R.E., 1986: Lightning phenomenology. In Studies in Geophysics, The Earth's Electrical Environment. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 23-29.

-, R.B. Pyle, and R.W. Henderson, 1986: The east coast lightning detection network. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, PWRS-1, 243-246.

Reap, R.M., 1986: Evaluation of cloud-to-ground lightning data from the western United States for the 1983-1984 summer seasons. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, 785-799.

Uman, M.A., 1986: Application of advances in lightning research to lightning protection. In Studies in Geophysics, The Earth's Electrical Environment. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 61-69.

Informal

Black, P.G., R.A. Black, J. Hallett, and W.A. Lyons, 1986: Electrical activity of the hurricane. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Radar Meteorology and Conference on Cloud Physics, September 22-26, Snowmass, Colorado, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J277-J280.

Edman, D.A., 1986: Operational use of lightning location information on an interactive system. Preprints, 11th Conference on Weather Forecasting and Analysis, June 17-20, Kansas City, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 165-170.

López, R.E., J.R. Daugherty, and R.L. Holle, 1986: Some relationships between radar echoes and lightning from mapping systems. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Radar Meteorology, September 22-26, Snowmass, Colorado, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J290-J293.

Lyons, W.A., F.R. Mosher, J.H. Block, W.H. Highlands, and K.G. Bauer, 1986: The operational use of real-time LPATS data on interactive graphics systems including CSIS, the Centralized Storm Information System. Pre-prints, 2nd International Conference on Interactive Information Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, January 13-17, Miami, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 190-197.

MacGorman, D.R., V. Mazur, and W.D. Rust, 1986: Lightning rates relative to mesocyclone evolution in a tornadic storm on 22 May 1981. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Radar Meteorology, September 22-26, Snowmass, Colorado, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J300-J303.

Mathewson, M., 1986: ALDS User's Guide. Scientific Services Division, Western Region, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 86 pp.

Orville, R.E., R.W. Henderson, and R.B. Pyle, 1986: Lightning flash characteristics. Electric Power Research Institute Report EL-4729, Project Number 2431-1.

Schütte, T., and E. Pisler, 1986: Some improved evaluations of the performance of lightning detection systems. UURIE: 186-86, Institutet för Högspänningsforskning, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden, 17 pp.

-, -, D. Filipovic´, and S. Israelsson, 1986: The acceptance of lightning detectors and lightning localization systems under different damping conditions. UURIE: 180-86, Institutet för Högspänningsforskning, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden, 26 pp.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1986: New 6-h thunderstorm probability forecasts for the West. NOAA Technical Procedures Bulletin No. 362, 6 pp. [Available from Techniques Development Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910].

1987

Formal

Christensen, U., and S. Israelsson, 1987: Relation-ships between radar echo characteristics and lightning parameters for a thunderstorm in Sweden. Weather, 42, 166-176.

Israelsson, S., T. Schütte, E. Pisler, and S. Lundquist, 1987: Increased occurrence of lightning flashes in Sweden during 1986. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 10996-10998.

Michnowski, S., S. Israelsson, J. Parfiniewicz, M.A. Enayatollah, and E. Pisler, 1987: A case of thunderstorm system development inferred from lightning distribution. Publications of the Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, D-26, 198, 3-54.

Newhouse, H., 1987: Lightning detection systems: A status report. National Weather Digest, 12, 22-25. Orville, R.E., 1987: Meteorological applications of lightning data. Reviews of Geophysics, U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983-1986, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 25, 411-414.

-, and H. Songster, 1987: The east coast lightning detection network. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2.

-, R.A. Weisman, R.B. Pyle, R.W. Henderson, and R.E. Orville, Jr., 1987: Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics from June 1984 through May 1985. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 5640-5644.

Orville, R.E., Jr., 1987: An analytical solution to obtain the optimum source location using multiple direction finders on a spherical surface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 10877-10886.

Ray, P.S., D.R. MacGorman, W.D. Rust, W.L. Taylor, and L.W. Rasmussen, 1987: Lightning location relative to storm structure in a supercell storm and a multicell storm. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 5713-5724.

Schütte, T., 1987: Optimum performance of lightning localization systems. Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy, Uppsala University, Sweden.

-, E. Pisler, and S. Israelsson, 1987: A new method for the measurement of the site errors of a lightning direction finder: Description and first results. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 4, 305-311.

-, -, D. Filipovic´, and S. Israelsson, 1987: Acceptance of lightning detectors and localization systems under different damping conditions. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 4, 401-410.

Watson, A.I., R.E. López, R.L. Holle, and J.R. Daugherty, 1987: The relationship of lightning to surface convergence at Kennedy Space Center: A preliminary study. Weather and Forecasting, 2, 140-157.

Informal

Ewald, C.C., 1987: Operational use of cloud to ground lightning strike data at a Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU). Eastern Region Technical Attachment 87-11 (A), Attachment #1, National Weather Service, NOAA, 4 pp.

Gerwitz, G.G., 1987: Operational use of real time lightning data at a National Weather Service Forecast Office. Eastern Region Technical Attachment 87-11 (B), Attachment #2, National Weather Service, NOAA, 5 pp.

Kozak, L.E., 1987: Network tracks lightning for New Jersey Bell. Telephone Engineering Management, 91, 58-61.

López, R.E., and R.L. Holle, 1987: The distribution of summertime lightning as a function of low-level wind flow in central Florida. Environmental Studies Group, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Technical Memorandum ERL ESG-28, Boulder, Colorado, 43 pp.

-, and -, 1987: The effect of complex terrain on the distribution of lightning flashes in northeastern Colorado. Preprints, 4th Conference on Mountain Meteorology, August 25-28, Seattle, Washington, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 245-251.

-, and -, 1987: A study of the interaction between the sea breeze and the synoptic flow using lightning data. Preprints, 17th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, April 7-10, Miami, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 82-85.

Lyons, W.A., J.A. Schuh, D. Moon, R.A. Pielke, W. Cotton, and R. Arritt, 1987: Short range forecasting of sea breeze generated thunderstorms at the Kennedy Space Center: A real-time experiment using a primitive equation mesoscale numerical model. Proceedings, International Symposium on Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting, August 17-19, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, European Space Agency, Paris, France, ESA SP-282, 503-508.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1987: Getting ready for the next lightning season. Western Region Technical Attachment 87-15, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 6 pp.

-, 1987: Verification of the thunderstorm probability equations. Western Region Technical Attachment 87-22, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2 pp.

-, 1987: Water vapor imagery and lightning strike data provided best clues-August 13, 1987. Western Region Technical Attachment 87-29, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 5 pp.

Pisler, E., and T.C. Madeume, 1987: Signal strength distribution for lightning localized in Sweden 1987. Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 13-16, Uppsala, Sweden, 766-769.

Watson, A.I., R.E. López, R. Ortiz, and R.L. Holle, 1987: Short-term forecasting of lightning at Kennedy Space Center based on the surface wind field. Proceedings, Symposium on Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting incorporating "Nowcasting," August 17-19, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, European Space Agency, Paris, France, 401-406.

1988

Formal

Changnon, S.A., D. Changnon, and R.B. Pyle, 1988: Thunder events and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 9495-9502.

Engholm, C.D., 1988: Positive lightning and bipolar lightning patterns: Observational characteristics. Master of Science Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 214 pp.

-, H.J. Christian, and W.D. Rust, 1988: A comparison of optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above clouds. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 27, 1369-1381.

-, D.E. Buechler, P.D. Wright, and W.D. Rust, 1988: Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm. Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 1185-1188.

Hill, R.D., 1988: Interpretation of bipole patterns in a mesoscale storm. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 643-634.

Inan, U.S., W.C. Burgess, T.G. Wolf, D.C. Shater, and R.E. Orville, 1988: Lightning-associated precipitation of MeV electrons from the inner radiation belt. Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 172-175.

Newman, L.E., 1988: The relationship between radar reflectivity and cloud-to-ground lightning frequency in Minnesota. Master's Thesis, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, 75 pp.

Nielsen, K.E., 1988: Lightning ground rates relative to mesocyclone evolution on 8 May 1986. Master's Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 91 pp.

Orville, R.E., R.W. Henderson, and L.F. Bosart, 1988: Bipole patterns revealed by lightning locations in mesoscale storm systems. Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 129-132.

Rust, W.D., and D.R. MacGorman, 1988: Techniques for measuring electrical parameters of thunderstorms. In Thunderstorms, Volume 3, Instruments and Techniques for Thunderstorm Observation and Analysis, E. Kessler, (editor), University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 91-118.

Rutledge, S.A., and D.R. MacGorman, 1988: Cloud-to-ground lightning in the 10-11 June 1985 mesoscale convective system observed during PRE-STORM. Monthly Weather Review, 116, 1393-1408.

Schütte, T., V. Cooray, and S. Israelsson, 1988: Recalculation of lightning localization system acceptance using a refined damping model. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 5, 375-380.

Informal

Alleca, J.P., 1988: A case study of a frequent lightning event. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 488-491.

Buechler, D.E., S.J. Goodman, and M.E. Weber, 1988: Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in microburst producing storms. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 496-500.

Changnon, S.A., and D. Changnon, 1988: Relationships between thunder events and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies. Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 13-16, Uppsala, Sweden, 602-607.

Chisholm, W.A., and W. Janischewskyj, 1988: Evolution of detection efficiency and location accuracy for Canadian lightning location systems. Canadian Electrical Association, 10 pp.

Christian, H.J., K. Crouch, B. Fisher, V. Mazur, R.A. Perala, and L. Ruhnke, 1988: The Atlas/Centaur-67 incident. Addendum, 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 19-31.

Crozier, C.L., H.N. Herscovitch, and J.S. Scott, 1988: Some observations and characteristics of lightning ground discharges in southern Ontario. Atmosphere-Ocean, 3, 399-436.

Curran, B., and W.D. Rust, 1988: Production of positive ground flashes by severe, low precipitation thunderstorms. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 309-311.

Fifth Weather Wing, 1988: Lightning detection system acquisition and application. Forecaster Memorandum, U.S. Air Force Fifth Weather Wing, SWW/DNS, November.

Holle, R.L., A.I. Watson, R.E. López, and D.R. MacGorman, 1988: Lightning in mesoscale convective complexes on 3-5 June 1985 in Oklahoma and Kansas. Proceedings, 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 310-317.

-, -, -, and -, 1988: Lightning related to echo type in four MCC's on June 3-5 in the PRE-STORM area. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 501-504.

-, -, -, and R. Ortiz, 1988: Meteorological aspects of cloud-to-ground lightning in the Kennedy Space Center region. Preprint AIAA-88-0200, AIAA 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 11-14, Reno, Nevada, 12 pp.

Hunter, S.M., 1988: Lightning near Vandenberg AFB as related to various synoptic patterns. Proceedings, 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 281-288.

Ishii, M., and J. Hojo, 1988: On the statistics of field waveforms associated with lightning return strokes. Proceedings, 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 78-83.

Janssen, M.J.G., 1988: The new lightning detection system in the Netherlands. Preprints, 19th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Graz, Austria, 9 pp.

Kawamura, T., M. Ishii, and Y. Miyake, 1988: Site errors of magnetic direction finder for lightning flashes. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 487-493.

Krider, E.P., 1988: Spatial distribution of lightning strikes to ground during small thunderstorms in Florida. Proceedings, 1988 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 318-322.

Lee, A.C.L., 1988: Precise long-range lightning mapping with the UK arrival time difference VLF technique. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 425-433.

-, K.G. Bauer, N.J. Petit, and J.A. Schuh, 1988: Real-time data collection, processing, and dissemination of customized lightning data from overlapping detection networks. Addendum to the Proceedings of the 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Inter-agency Coordination Group, 221-230.

Lyons, W.A., and R.A. Pielke, 1988: Operational forecasting of Florida sea breeze thunderstorms using a mesoscale numerical model. Final Report, RoSCAN Corporation to NASA Kennedy Space Center, Contract NAS10-11321, 260 pp.

MacGorman, D.R., and W.D. Rust, 1988: An evaluation of the LLP and LPATS lightning ground strike mapping systems. Addendum to the Proceedings of the 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 235-240.

-, and -, 1988: An evaluation of the LLP and LPATS lightning ground strike mapping systems. Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 13-16, Uppsala, Sweden, 668-673.

-, and -, 1988: An evaluation of two lightning ground strike locating systems. Final report to the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, Rockville, Maryland, 76 pp.

Newhouse, H., 1988: Lightning detection systems: A status report. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 300-303.

Nicholson, J.R., L. Maier, and J. Weems, 1988: Lightning threat extent of a small thunderstorm. Preprints, 26th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 5 pp.

Richard, P., A. Soulage, P. Laroche, and J. Appel, 1988: The SAFIR lightning monitoring and warning system, application to aerospace activities. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 383-390.

Reap, R.M., and D.R. MacGorman, 1988: A comparison of cloud-to-ground lightning to analyzed model fields, radar observations, and severe local storms. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 505-510.

Scott, L., 1988: A lightning location system for the UK electricity supply industry. Proceedings, International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 391-395.

Scott, C., 1988: Preliminary analysis of cloud-to-ground lightning in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site. Western Region Technical Memorandum WR-204, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 12 pp.

-, 1988: The 1988 lightning verification project on the Nevada Test Site. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 88-26, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 5 pp.

Tourte, J.L., F. Helloco, M. Le Boulch, and J. Hamelin, 1988: First results obtained with the Météorage thunderstorm monitoring system. Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Institute of High Voltage Research, Husbyborg, Uppsala, Sweden, S-755 92, 697-702.

Watson, A.I., R.E. López, and R.L. Holle, 1988: Surface convergence techniques and the prediction of lightning at Kennedy Space Center. Addendum, 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 19-22, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, National Interagency Coordination Group, 32-39.

Weisman, R.A., 1988: Warm season lee troughs about the southern Appalachians. Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 460 pp.

Williams, E.R., 1988: Anomalous electrification in winter storms. Preprints, 15th Conference on Severe Local Storms, February 22-26, Baltimore, Maryland, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 304-308.

-, M.E. Weber, and R.E. Orville, 1988: The relationship between lightning type and convective state of thunderclouds. Preprints, 8th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Uppsala, Sweden.

1989

Formal

Anderson, T., M. Andersson, C. Jacobsson, and S. Nilsson, 1989: Thermodynamic indices for forecasting thunderstorms in southern Sweden. Meteorological Magazine, 118, 141-146.

Brook, M., R.W. Henderson, and R.B. Pyle, 1989: Positive lightning strokes to ground. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13295-13303.

Carpenter, D.L., and R.E. Orville, 1989: The excitation of active whistler mode signal paths in the magnetosphere by lightning: Two case studies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 8886-8894.

Changnon, S.A., 1989: Relations of thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning frequency. Journal of Climate, 2, 897-921.

Christian, H.J., V. Mazur, B.D. Fisher, L.H. Ruhnke, K. Crouch, and R.P. Perala, 1989: The Atlas/Centaur lightning strike incident. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13169-13177.

de la Rosa, F., and R. Velazquez, 1989: Review of ground flash density measuring devices regarding power system applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 4, 921-937.

Franzblau, E., and C. Popp, 1989: Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 11089-11104.

Hojo, J., M. Ishii, T. Kawamura, F. Suzuki, H. Komuro, and M. Shiogama, 1989: Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13207-13212.

Ishii, M., and J.-I. Hojo, 1989: Statistics on fine structure of cloud-to-ground lightning field waveforms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13267-13274. Lee, A.C.L., 1989: Ground truth confirmation and theoretical limits of an experimental VLF arrival time difference lightning flash locating system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 115, 1147-1166.

-, 1989: The limiting accuracy of long wavelength lightning flash location. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 6, 43-49.

LeVine, D.M., J.C. Willett, and J.C. Bailey, 1989: Comparison of fast electric field changes from subsequent return strokes of natural and triggered lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13259-13265.

MacGorman, D.R., and W.L. Taylor, 1989: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning detection by a direction-finder network. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13313-13318.

-, D.W. Burgess, V. Mazur, W.D. Rust, W.L. Taylor, and B.C. Johnson, 1989: Lightning rates relative to tornadic storm evolution on 22 May 1981. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 221-250.

Passi, R.M., and R.E. López, 1989: A parametric estimation of systematic errors in networks of magnetic direction finders. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13319-13328.

Reap, R.M., and D.R. MacGorman, 1989: Cloud-to-ground lightning: Climatological characteristics and relationships to model fields, radar observations, and severe local storms. Monthly Weather Review, 117, 518-535.

Smith, W.P., and R.L. Gall, 1989: Tropical squall lines of the Arizona monsoon. Monthly Weather Review, 117, 1553-1569. Vera, N.L., 1989: Study of Ontario lightning intensity. Thesis, Master of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Williams, E.R., M.E. Weber, and R.E. Orville, 1989: The relationship between lightning type and convective state of thunderclouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13213-13220.

Informal

Atkinson, N.C., M.R. Blackburn, and M. Kitchen, 1989: Wide area lightning location using the UK Met. Office arrival time difference system. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 2B.3.1 to 2B.3.6.

Biedinger, R.E., and A.D. Stern, 1989: Introduction to WSFO Miami's lightning project through the examination of a severe weather event. Pre-prints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 104-107.

Boulay, J.L., P. Laroche, A. Bondiou, A. Delannoy, and P. Richard, 1989: Determination of warning criteria from the indications of the SAFIR warning system. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 12A.1. to 12A.1.8.

Buechler, D.E., S.J. Goodman, and P.J. Meyer, 1989: Lightning trends as a precursor to microbursts. Preprints, 3rd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, January 30-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 196-201.

Changnon, S.A., and R. Gabriel, 1989: Thunderstorm and lightning relationships. Preprints, 6th Conference on Applied Climatology, March 7-10, Charleston, South Carolina, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

Fathauer, T., 1989: Fourth of July fireworks in Fairbanks, 1989: Lessons learned . . . and questions left unanswered. Alaska Region Technical Attachment T-89-21, National Weather Service, NOAA, Fairbanks, Alaska, 7 pp.

-, 1989: Lightning damage at Delta FSS on July 1, 1989. Alaska Region Technical Attachment T-89-22, National Weather Service, NOAA, Fairbanks, Alaska, 4 pp.

Goodman, S.J., 1989: Optimization methods for locating lightning flashes using magnetic direction finding networks. Preprints, 1989 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 9-12, Reno, Nevada.

-, 1989: Using radar ground-truth to validate and improve the location accuracy of a lightning direction-finding network. Preprints, 3rd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, January 29-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 345-350.

-, D.E. Buechler, P.D. Wright, W.D. Rust, and K.E. Nielsen, 1989: Polarization radar and electrical observations of microburst producing storms during COHMEX. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 109-112.

Helloco, F., and E.P. Krider, 1989: Spatial and temporal characteristics of lightning cells observed in France. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 4A.2.1 to 4A.2.10.

Janssen, M.J.G., 1989: The LPATS III system in the Netherlands - Critical evaluation of the results. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 12A.2.1 to 12A.2.7.

Le Boulch, M., 1989: Observation of very large amplitude lightning flashes in France. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 4A.3.1-4A.3.9. [Not included in preprint volume, but distributed at meeting].

Lewis, J., 1989: Real time lightning data and its application in forecasting convective activity. Preprints, 12th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, October 2-6, Monterey, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 97-102.

López, R.E., R.L. Holle, and A.I. Watson, 1989: Meteorological studies with cloud-to-ground lightning data: Samples of recent analyses. Preprints, 4th WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observations (TECIMO-IV), September 4-8, Brussels, Belgium, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 275-280.

-, R.L. Holle, W.D. Otto, and R. Ortiz, 1989: Cloud-to-ground lightning in Colorado: Flashes of both polarities related to meteorological conditions, radar echoes, and severe weather. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 1A.2.1 to 1A.2.7.

-, W.D. Otto, J.R. Daugherty, and R.L. Holle, 1989: The relationship between radar and lightning characteristics of northeastern Colorado storm systems. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 85-88.

Lyons, W.A., N.J. Pettit, J.A. Schuh, and D.A. Moon, 1989: Gridded lightning data: A new tool for the operational forecaster. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 113-116.

-, M.G. Venne, P.G. Black, and R.C. Gentry, 1989: Hurricane lightning: A new diagnostic tool for tropical storm forecasting. Preprints, 18th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, May 16-19, San Diego, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

-, K.G. Bauer, D.A. Moon, N.J. Pettit, and J.A. Schuh, 1989: LDIS [Lightning Data and Information Systems]: A new resource for aviation meteorology. Preprints, 3rd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, January 30-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 140-145.

-, D.A. Moon, J.A. Schuh, N.J. Pettit, and J.R. Eastman, 1989: The design and operation of a national lightning detection network using time-of-arrival technology. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive 2B.2.1 to 2B.2.8.

-, M.G. Venne, A.E. Eustis, D.A. Moon, N.J. Pettit, and J.A. Schuh, 1989: RoSCAN's national lightning detection network: The first year progress report. Preprints, 5th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, January 29-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

MacGorman, D.R., and W.D. Rust, 1989: An evaluation of the LLP and LPATS lightning ground strike mapping systems. Preprints, 5th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, January 30-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 249-254.

McCann, D.W., and M.D. Matthews, 1989: Applications of lightning strike data to convective SIGMET operations. Preprints, 3rd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, January 29-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 217-221.

Mosher, F.R., 1989: Lightning data evaluation at the NSSFC - 1988. Techniques Development Unit, National Severe Storms Forecast Center, National Weather Service, NOAA, Kansas City, Missouri, 20 pp.

Nadis, S., 1989: Stalking the wild thunderbolt (National Lightning Detection Network). Technology Review, 92, 15-16.

Neumann, W.T., W.L. Hiscox, D.W. Howard, A.E. Pifer, and E.P. Krider, 1989: A single-station thunderstorm warning sensor using gated, wideband, magnetic direction-finding technology. Proceedings, European Geophysical Society, XIV General Assembly, March 13-17, Barcelona, Spain.

Nielsen, K.E., and D.R. MacGorman, 1989: Lightning ground flash rates relative to mesocyclone evolution on 8 May 1986. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 117-120.

Richard, P., A. Soulage, and F. Broutet, 1989: The SAFIR lightning warning system. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 2B.1.1 to 2B.1.5.

Rutledge, S., and D.R. MacGorman, 1989: Observations of positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes from mesoscale convective systems. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 122-125.

Scott, C.A., 1989: Lightning detection and warning of the Nevada Test Site. Preprints, 3rd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, January 30-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 96-99.

-, 1989: LIVES-88 - Verification of detection efficiency and accuracy of the Nevada Test Site automatic lightning detection system. Western Region Technical Attachment 89-20, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 10 pp.

Stern, A.D., 1989: The Florida lightning and radar experiment: The lightning work station, support, and research programs. Southern Region Technical Memorandum NWS SR-125, National Weather Service, NOAA, 32 pp.

Struthwolf, M.E., 1989: Dew point discontinuity initiates severe thunderstorms in Utah. Western Region Technical Attachment 89-27, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 16 pp.

Tourte, J.-L., F. Helloco, and M. Le Boulch, 1989: Large scale observations of lightning over France with the Météorage network. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, September 26-28, 3A.4.1 to 3A.4.7.

U.S. News and World Report, 1989: Bolts from the blue: Researchers seek forecasting clues from lightning patterns. 107, 54-55.

Venne, M.G., W.A. Lyons, P.G. Black, and R.C. Gentry, 1989: Explosive supercell growth: A possible indicator for tropical storm intensification? Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 545-549.

Watson, A.I., R. L. Holle, R.E. López, R. Ortiz, and J.R. Daugherty, 1989: Use of the surface wind field as a predictor of thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning at Kennedy Space Center. Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, September 26-28, Bath, England, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, 9B.2.1 to 9B.2.7.

-, R.E. López, J.R. Daugherty, R. Ortiz, and R.L. Holle, 1989: A composite study of Florida thunderstorms, using radar, cloud-to-ground lightning, and surface winds. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, March 27-31, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 126-129.

-, -, R.L. Holle, J.R. Daugherty, and R. Ortiz, 1989: Short-term forecasting of thunderstorms at Kennedy Space Center, based on the surface wind field. Preprints, 3rd International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, January 30-February 3, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 222-227.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1989: Update: Operational use of lightning data. Western Region Technical Attachment 89-09, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 6 pp.

-, 1989: Frontal characteristics of the Arizona monsoon boundary. Western Region Technical Attachment 89-24, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 5 pp.

Williams, E.R., M.E. Weber, and C.D. Engholm, 1989: Electrical characteristics of microburst-producing storms in Denver. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Tallahassee, Florida, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 89-92.

1990

Formal

Biswas, K.R., and P.V. Hobbs, 1990: Lightning over the Gulf Stream. Geophysical Research Letters, 17, 941-943.

Engholm, C.D., E.R. Williams, and R.M. Dole, 1990: Meteorological and electrical conditions associated with positive cloud-to-ground lightning. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 470-487.

Herodotou, N., 1990: Study of peak currents due to lightning in Ontario using an LLP system. Thesis, Master of Applied Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 215 pp.

Idone, V.P., and R.E. Orville, 1990: Delimiting "Thunderstorm Watch" periods by real-time lightning location for a power utility company. Weather and Forecasting, 5, 139-147.

Kelley, M.C., J.C. Ding, and R.H. Holzworth, 1990: Intense ionospheric electric and magnetic field pulses generated by lightning. Geophysical Research Letters, 17, 2221-2224.

Kitzmiller, D.H., and W.E. McGovern, 1990: Wind profiler observations preceding outbreaks of large hail over northeastern Colorado. Weather and Forecasting, 5, 78-88.

Lee, A.C.L., 1990: Bias elimination and scatter in lightning location by the VLF arrival time difference technique. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 7, 719-733.

McNulty, R.P., J.T. Schaefer, W.E. Sunkel, and T.A. Townsend, 1990: On the need for augmentation in automated surface observations. National Weather Digest, 15, 9-16.

Moore, P.K., and R.E. Orville, 1990: Lightning characteristics in lake-effect thunderstorms. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1767-1782.

Orville, R.E., 1990: Peak-current variations of lightning return strokes as a function of latitude. Nature, 343, 149-151. -, 1990: Winter lightning along the East Coast. Geophysical Research Letters, 17, 713-715.

Rakov, V.A., 1990: Modern passive lightning locating systems. Meteorologiya i Hidrologiya (Meteorology and Hydrology), 11, 118-123.

Reap, R.M., and R.E. Orville, 1990: The relationships between network lightning locations and surface hourly observations of thunderstorms. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 94-108.

Rutledge, S.A., C. Lu, and D.R. MacGorman, 1990: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning in mesoscale convective systems. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 2085-2100.

Stolzenburg, M., 1990: Characteristics of the bipolar pattern of lightning locations observed in 1988 thunderstorms. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 71, 1331-1338.

Weisman, R.A., 1990: An observational study of warm season southern Appalachian lee troughs. Part II: Thunderstorm genesis zones. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 2020-2041.

White, J., and R. Driggins, 1990: TVA's experience with the SUNYA lightning detection network. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 5, 2054-2062.

Informal

Anderson, K., and R. Charlton, 1990: Predicting lightning occurrence and frequency from upper air soundings over Stony Plain, Alberta. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J40-J45.

Buechler, D.E., P.D. Wright, and S.J. Goodman, 1990: Lightning/rainfall relationships during COHMEX. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 710-714.

Detwiler, A.G., J.H. Helsdon, Jr., and D.J. Musil, 1990: Evolution of a band of severe storms. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 705-709.

Forsyth, D.E., D.W. Burgess, C.A. Doswell III, J.H Jain, L.E. Mooney, R.M. Rabin, and W.D. Rust, 1990: DOPLIGHT '87 project summary. National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Technical Memorandum ERL NSSL-101, Norman, Oklahoma, 183 pp.

Frankel, D., I. Schiller, J.S. Draper, and A.A. Barnes, 1990: Investigation of the prediction of lightning strikes using neural networks. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 7-11.

Goodman, S.J., 1990: Predicting thunderstorm evolution using ground-based lightning detection networks. NASA Technical Memorandum TM-103521, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama, 193 pp.

-, and D.E. Buechler, 1990: Lightning-rainfall relationships. Preprints, Conference on Operational Precipitation Estimation and Prediction, February 7-8, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 112-118.

Helsdon, J.H., Jr., 1990: Analysis of a high positive-flash frequency severe storm (28 June 1990) from the North Dakota Thunderstorm Project. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 744-747.

Holle, R.L., R.E. López, and A.I. Watson, 1990: Cloud-to-ground lightning detection using direction-finder networks: Recent advances and applications. Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization, 39, 177-180.

-, A.I. Watson, R. Ortiz, and R.E. López, 1990: Spatial patterns of lightning, radar echoes, and severe weather in mesoscale convective systems. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 721-726.

Hunter, S.M., T.J. Schuur, T.C. Marshall, and W.D. Rust, 1990: Electrical and kinematic structure of an Oklahoma mesoscale convective system. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J52-J57.

Kane, R.J., 1990: A preliminary analysis of the 14 June 1990 eastern Ohio flash flood based on cloud-to-ground lightning data. Eastern Region Technical Attachment 90-8A, National Weather Service, NOAA, 12 pp.

Keighton, S.J., H.B. Bluestein, and D.R. MacGorman, 1990: The evolution of a severe mesoscale convective system: Cloud-to-ground lightning location and storm structure. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 752-757.

Kitzmiller, D., 1990: Prognostic relationships between profiler winds and warm-season rain events near Denver. Profiler Forum, Forecast Systems Laboratory, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, 3-8.

Le Boulch, M., and T. Plantier, 1990: The Météorage thunderstorm monitoring system: A tool for new EMC protection strategies. Proceedings, 20th International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 24-28, Interlaken, Switzerland, Paper 6.13P.

López, R.E., W.D. Otto, R. Ortiz, and R.L. Holle, 1990: The lightning characteristics of convective cloud systems in northeastern Colorado. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 727-731.

-, R. Ortiz, J.A. Augustine, W.D. Otto, and R.L. Holle, 1990: The progressive development of cloud-to-ground lightning in the early formative stages of a mesoscale convective complex. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 658-662.

Lyons, W.A., D.A. Moon, C.S. Keen, and T.E. Nelson, 1990: The initiation and propagation of sea breeze thunderstorms in central Florida. Extended Abstracts, 4th Conference on Mesoscale Processes, June 25-29, Boulder, Colorado, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 158-159.

Melin, A., 1990: Lightning location system supervising Swedish power transmission network. Preprints, The First All Africa International Symposium on Lightning, Harare, Zimbabwe, April 30-May 4, 12 pp.

Mielke, K.B., 1990: Operational use of lightning data in western United States. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 197-202.

Mosher, F.R., and J.S. Lewis, 1990: Use of lightning location data in severe storm forecasting. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 692-697.

Nielsen, K.E., S.J. Goodman, and D.E. Buechler, 1990: Cloud-to-ground lightning and rainfall volumes in mesoscale convective systems. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 634-638.

Orville, R.E., R.W. Henderson, and R.B. Pyle, 1990: The National Lightning Detection Network - severe storm observations. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J27-J30.

Price, C., and D. Rind, 1990: The effect of global warming on lightning frequencies. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 748-751.

Reap, R.M., 1990: Thunderstorms over Alaska as revealed by lightning location data. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J46-J51.

Richard, P., 1990: SAFIR system: An application of real-time VHF lightning localization to thunderstorm monitoring. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J21-J26.

-, A. Soulage, F. Broutet, P. Bettencourt, and J.Y. Lojou, 1990: SAFIR - A new generation lightning monitoring and warning system. Preprints, The First All Africa International Symposium on Lightning, Harare, Zimbabwe, April 30-May 4, 11 pp.

Rust, W.D., 1990: Severe storm electricity research with a mobile laboratory and mobile ballooning. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J31-J35.

Schuur, T.J., S.M. Hunter, W.D. Rust, and T.C. Marshall, 1990: Charge structure of a mid-latitude mesoscale convective system. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 663-668.

Shafer, M.A., and F.H. Carr, 1990: Cloud-to-ground lightning in relation to digitized radar data in severe storms. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 732-737.

Watson, A.I., R.L. Holle, R.E. López, and J.R. Nicholson, 1990: A preliminary evaluation of short-term thunderstorm forecasting using surface winds at Kennedy Space Center. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, 413-418.

Whitcomb, D., D. Randel, S. Naqvi, and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1990: A real-time data collection and display workstation. Preprints, 6th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, February 7-9, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

Williams, E.R., 1990: Lightning and microbursts in convective clouds. Preprints, Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 738-743.

-, and S.A. Rutledge, 1990: Studies of electrification and lightning in deep tropical precipitation systems. Preprints, Conference on Cloud Physics, July 23-27, San Francisco, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

-, S.G. Geotis, N. Renno, S.A. Rutledge, E. Rasmussen, and T. Rickenback, 1990: 'Hot towers' in the tropics. Preprints, 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 22-26, Kananaskis Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 698-704.

1991

Formal

Brock, M., 1991: The observation and implications of a storm dominated by positive lightning. Master's Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York.

Kane, R.J., 1991: Correlating lightning to severe local storms in the northeastern United States. Weather and Forecasting, 6, 3-12.

Keighton, S.J., H.B. Bluestein, and D.R. MacGorman, 1991: The evolution of a severe mesoscale convective system: Cloud-to-ground lightning location and storm structure. Monthly Weather Review, 119, 1533-1556.

Kingwell, J., J. Shimizu, K. Narita, H. Kawabata, and I. Shimizu, 1991: Weather factors affecting rocket operations: A review and case history. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72, 778-793.

Latham, D., 1991: Lightning flashes from a prescribed fire-induced cloud. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 17151-17157.

López, R.E., and R.M. Passi, 1991: Simulations in site error estimation for direction finders. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 15287-15296.

-, M.W. Maier, and R.L. Holle, 1991: Comparison of the signal strength of positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in northeastern Colorado. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 22307-22318.

MacGorman, D.R., and K.E. Nielsen, 1991: Cloud-to-ground lightning in a tornadic storm on 8 May 1986. Monthly Weather Review, 119, 1557-1574.

Orville, R.E., 1991: Calibration of a magnetic direction finding network using measured triggered lightning return stroke peak currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 17135-17142.

-, 1991: Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States-1989. Monthly Weather Review, 119, 573-577.

Reap, R.M., 1991: Climatological characteristics and objective prediction of thunderstorms over Alaska. Weather and Forecasting, 6, 309-319.

Roohr, P.B., 1991: A comparative analysis of the temporal variability of lightning and GOES imagery. Master of Science Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 234 pp.

Schuur, T.J., B.F. Smull, W.D. Rust, and T.C. Marshall, 1991: Electrical and kinematic study of the stratiform precipitation region trailing an Oklahoma squall line. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 48, 825-842.

Watson, A.I., R.L. Holle, R.E. López, R. Ortiz, and J.R. Nicholson, 1991: Surface wind convergence as a short-term predictor of cloud-to-ground lightning at Kennedy Space Center. Weather and Forecasting, 6, 49-64.

Whitney, B.F., and H. Asgeirsson, 1991: Lightning location and storm severity display system. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 6, 1715-1720.

Informal

Barnes, A.A., D. Frankel, and J.S. Draper, 1991: Predicting cloud-to-ground lightning with neural networks. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 54-1 to 54-10.

Buechler, D.E., and S.J. Goodman, 1991: Radar characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning producing storms in Florida. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 897-900.

Casper, P.W., 1991: Recent improvements to the LPATS time-of-arrival lightning tracking system. IUGG General Assembly, Symposium M1, August 13, Vienna, Austria.

-, and R.B. Bent, 1991: The effect of the earth's oblate spheroid on the accuracy of a time-of-arrival lightning ground strike locating system. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 81-1 to 81-8.

Chao, G., and M. Qiming, 1991: An iterative method for obtaining the optimum lightning location on a spherical surface. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 84-1 to 84-7.

Eilts, M.D., E.D. Mitchell, and K. Hondl, 1991: The use of Doppler radar to help forecast the development of thunderstorms. Preprint AIAA-91-0261, AIAA 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 7-10, Reno, Nevada, 7 pp.

-, -, and -, 1991: The use of Doppler radar to help forecast the development of thunderstorms. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 63-66.

Goodman, S.J., 1991: Sensor fusion techniques for predicting thunderstorm evolution using lightning and radar networks. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 97-102.

Kane, R.J., and K.D. Lapenta, 1991: A look at the lightning characteristics of the northern Illinois tornadic supercell of August 28, 1990. Eastern Region Technical Attachment 91-2B, National Weather Service, NOAA.

Laroche, P., C. Malherbe, A. Bondiou, M. Weber, C. Engholm, and V. Coel, 1991: Lightning activity in microburst producing storm cells. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology and 4th Conference on Aviation Weather Systems, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J85-J88.

-, -, -, -, -, and -, 1991: VHF discharges in storm cells producing microbursts. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 22A-1 to 22A-13.

Lee, A.C.L., 1991: Experience gained in the operation of the VLF ATD lightning location system. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 82-1 to 82-10.

Lennon, C., and L. Maier 1991: Lightning mapping system. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 89-1-89-10.

López, R.E., M.W. Maier, J.A. García-Miguel, and R.L. Holle, 1991: Weak positive cloud-to-ground flashes in northeastern Colorado. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 87-1 to 87-10.

-, R. Ortiz, W.D. Otto, and R.L. Holle, 1991: The lightning activity and precipitation yield of convective cloud systems in central Florida. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 907-910.

MacGorman, D.W., F.R. Mosher, and J.S. Lewis, 1991: Some recent developments in lightning mapping systems. The Federal Plan for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, Fiscal Year 1992, April, Washington, D.C., 4-1 to 4-16.

Maffetone, T., D. Mark., W. Montgomery, and R. Noberini, 1991: More accurate lightning data reduce utility's thunderstorm watch periods. EPRI Innovator IN-100026, September.

Maier, L., C. Lennon, P. Krehbiel, and M. Maier, 1996: Lightning as observed by a four-dimensional lightning location system at Kennedy Space Center. Preprints, 10th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, 380-383.

Maier, M.W., 1991: Evaluation of 1990 bias error corrections for the ESMC cloud-to-ground lightning surveillance system. Computer Sciences Raytheon (CSR) Instrumentation Systems Evaluation Test Report CDRL 137A2, 1 October 1991, CSR-322-0003, 26 pp. plus Appendices A, B, and C.

-, 1991: Preliminary evaluation of National Lightning Detection network performance at Cape Canaveral during August 1990. Computer Sciences Raytheon (CSR) Instrumentation Systems Evaluation Test Report CDRL 137A2, 1 October 1991, CSR-322-0007, 24 pp.

Melin, S.A., 1991: Lightning location system supervising Swedish power transmission network. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 20-1 to 20-10.

Miller, C., 1991: Can lightning data be a reliable tool in nowcasting severe thunderstorms? Central Region Technical Attachment 91-14, National Weather Service, NOAA, Kansas City, Missouri.

Namasivayam, S., and S. Lundquist, 1991: First and subsequent return stroke properties of cloud-to-ground lightning. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 16-1 to 16-10.

Oram, T.D., and E.P. Krider, 1991: The spatial variations of lightning during small Florida thunderstorms. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 86-1 to 86-9.

Pierce, T.E., and J.H. Novak, 1991: Estimating natural emissions for EPA's Regional Oxidant Model, in EPA/AWMA International Specialty Conference on Emission Inventory Issues in the 1990s. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Pifer, A.E., W.L. Hiscox, K.L. Cummins, and W.T. Neumann, 1991: Range estimation techniques in single-station thunderstorm warning sensors based upon gated, wideband, magnetic direction finder technology. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 21-1 to 21-10.

Richard, P., 1991: Localization of atmospheric discharges: A new way for severe weather nowcasting. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 911-915.

-, 1991: Thunderstorm monitoring and lightning warning, operational applications of the SAFIR system. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 22-1 to 22-6.

Rickard, C., 1991: Applications of lightning data with thunderstorms in Arkansas. Southern Region Technical Attachment SR/SSD 91-27, National Weather Service, NOAA, Fort Worth, Texas, 8 pp.

Rutledge, S.A., E.R. Williams, W.A. Peterson, and E.N. Rasmussen, 1991: Radar and electrical study of a tropical squall line near Darwin, Australia during DUNDEE. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 889-892.

Watson, A.I., R.L. Holle, R.E. López, and J.R. Nicholson, 1991: Surface wind convergence as a short-term predictor of cloud-to-ground lightning at Kennedy Space Center: A four-year summary and evaluation. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, April 16-19, Cocoa Beach, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, NASA Conference Publication 3106, 76-1 to 76-10.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1991: Update: A lightning quick review. Western Region Technical Attachment 91-18, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 5 pp.

Williams, E.R., 1991: The structure of tropical convection and its contribution to the global electrical circuit. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, June 24-28, Paris, France, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 893-896.

1992

Formal

Boe, B.A., J.L. Stith, P.L. Smith, J.H. Hirsch, J.H. Helsdon, A.G. Detwiler, H.D. Orville, B.E. Martner, R.F. Reinking, R.J. Meitín, and R. A. Brown, 1992: The North Dakota Thunderstorm Project: A cooperative study of high plains thunderstorms. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 73, 145-160.

Branick, M.L., and C.A. Doswell, 1992: An observation of the relationship between supercell structure and lightning ground-strike polarity. Weather and Forecasting, 7, 143-149.

Changnon, S.A., 1992: Temporal and spatial relations between hail and lightning. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, 587-604.

Curran, E.B., and W.D. Rust, 1992: Positive ground flashes produced by low-precipitation thunderstorms in Oklahoma on 26 April 1984. Monthly Weather Review, 120, 544-553.

Hunter, S.M., T.J. Schuur, T.C. Marshall, and W.D. Rust, 1992: Electric and kinematic structure of the Oklahoma mesoscale convective system of 7 June 1989. Monthly Weather Review, 120, 2226-2239.

Jincai, D., C.A. Doswell III, D.W. Burgess, M.P. Foster, and M.L. Branick, 1992: Verification of mesoscale forecasts made during MAP '88 and MAP '89. Weather and Forecasting, 7, 468-479.

Lascody, R., 1992: A different look at hurricane Andrew-Lightning around the eyewall. National Weather Digest, 17, 39-40.

Petersen, W.A., and S.A. Rutledge, 1992: Some characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical northern Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 11553-11560.

Price, C., and D. Rind, 1992: A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 9919-9933.

Rakov, V.A., 1992: Data acquired with the LLP lightning locating systems. Meteorologiya i Hidrologiya (Meteorology and Hydrology), 13. Rutledge, S.A., E.R. Williams, and T.D. Keenan, 1992: The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 73, 3-16.

Williams, E.R., S.A. Rutledge, S.G. Geotis, N. Renno, E. Rasmussen, and T. Rickenbach, 1992: A radar and electrical study of tropical "hot towers." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 49, 1386-1395.

Informal

Bownes, K.F., and M. Koolman, 1992: Lightning location and tracking: A new service in Germany - Preliminary experience and results. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 22-25, Berlin, Germany, 295-300.

Casper, P.W., and R.B. Bent, 1992: Results from the LPATS U.S.A. national lightning detection and tracking system for the 1991 lightning season. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 22-25, Berlin, Germany, 339-342.

Cook, B., and P. Casper, 1992: U.S.A. national lightning data service. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 59-1 to 59-8.

Cummins, K.L., W.L. Hiscox, A.E. Pifer, and M.W. Maier, 1992: Performance analysis of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 15-19, St. Petersburg, Russia, International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity.

Cylke, T., 1992: The development and evolution of flash-flood-producing thunderstorms over southern Nevada on August 10, 1991. Western Region Technical Attachment 92-23, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 6 pp.

Ellison, E.E., 1992: Rainfall rate vs. lightning intensity of a mesoscale convective system over White Sands, Missile Range, New Mexico. Proceedings, Fourth Arizona Weather Symposium, June 10-12, Scottsdale, Arizona, 61-69.

Fisher, R.J., 1992: Local lightning early warning system (LLEWS), Phase I. Sandia Report SAND92-2446/UC-700, Contract DE-AC04-76DP00789, 45 pp.

Fister, V., R. Gampenrieder, E. Hoffmann, and H. v. Rheinbaben, 1992: Lightning positioning in electric power supply systems. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 22-25, Berlin, Germany, 361-366.

Goto, Y., K. Narita, H. Komuro, and N. Honma, 1992: On the characteristics of winter lightning and thundercloud. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 57-1 to 57-5.

Herodotou, N., W.A. Chisholm, and W. Janischewskyj, 1992: Distribution of lightning peak stroke currents in Ontario using an LLP system. IEEE Summer 1992 Power Engineering Society Meeting.

Hoeft, R., and C. Wakefield, 1992: Evaluation of the electric field mill as an effective and efficient means of lightning detection. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 4-1 to 4-13.

Holle, R.L., R.E. López, R. Ortiz, A.I. Watson, D.L. Smith, D.M. Decker, and C.H. Paxton, 1992: Cloud-to-ground lightning related to deaths, injuries, and property damage in central Florida. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 66-1 to 66-12.

Honma, N., H. Komuro, M. Ishii, and J. Hojo, 1992: Lightning characteristics in the north-east part of Japan observed by a magnetic direction-finder network. Addendum, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, Addendum 1, 44-1 to 44-10.

Ishii, M. J. Hojo, T. Yamamoto, E. Zaima, J. Sawada, and N. Fukiyama, 1992: Observation of lightning discharge by LPATS in Japan. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 22-25, Berlin, Germany, 333-336.

-, -, -, -, -, and -, 1992: Observation of radiation from lightning discharges by LPATS. Addendum, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, Addendum, 1, 31-1 to 31-8.

Janischewskyj, W., and W.A. Chisholm, 1992: Lightning ground flash density measurements in Canada, March 1, 1984 to December 31, 1991. Canadian Electrical Association Report 179 T 382, Montreal, Québec, 106 pp.

Kawasaki, Z-I., K. Matsuura, and P. Richard, 1992: Real time monitor of thunderstorm activities in Japan by SAFIR. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 60-1 to 60-6.

Knapp, D.I., 1992: A new severe thunderstorm identification technique. Air Weather Service Forecaster Memorandum, AWS/FM-92/001, 5 pp.

-, 1992: Verification of a severe thunderstorm identification technique. Air Weather Service Forecaster Memorandum AWS/FM-92/003, 3 pp.

López, R.E., and R.L. Holle, 1992: Las tormentas eléctricas: Un riesgo subestimado. First Iberoamerican Congress on Techniques Applied to the Emergency Management of Natural Disaster Reduction, December 1-4, Valencia, Spain, 19-28.

-, R.L. Holle, R. Ortiz, and A.I. Watson, 1992: Detection efficiency losses of networks of direction finders due to flash signal attenuation with range. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 75-1 to 75-18.

Lyons, W.A., R.A. Pielke, W.R. Cotton, C.S. Keen, and D.A. Moon, 1992: Final results of an experiment in operational forecasting of sea breeze thunderstorms using a mesoscale numerical model. Preprints, Symposium on Weather Forecasting, January 5-10, Atlanta, Georgia, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 181-188.

-, R.L. Walko, M.E. Nicholls, R.A. Pielke, W.R. Cotton, C.S. Keen, and A.I. Watson, 1992: Observational and numerical modeling investigations of Florida thunderstorms generated by multi-scale surface thermal forcing. Preprints, 5th Conference on Mesoscale Processes, January 5-10, Atlanta, Georgia, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 85-90.

MacGorman, D.R., D.W. Burgess, and C. Morgenstern, 1992: Positive cloud-to-ground flashes in severe storms. Addendum, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, Addendum, 1, 55-1 to 55-8.

Maier, M.W., 1992: System detection efficiency of the Eastern Range cloud-to-ground lightning surveillance system. Computer Sciences Raytheon, Memorandum, October 9, Titusville, Florida, 12 pp.

Montandon, E., 1992: Lightning positioning and lightning parameter determination experiences and results of the Swiss PTT research project. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 22-25, Berlin, Germany, 307-312.

-, T. Ahnebrink, and R.B. Bent, 1992: Analysis of lightning strike density and recorded waveforms by the Swiss Lightning Position and Tracking System. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, September 22-25, Berlin, Germany, 313-318.

Quelch, P.N., and B.M. Byrne, 1992: Lightning risk assessment based on flash intensity and distribution. Manuscript based on presentation at Workshop on Lightning Protection, November, Hobart, Tasmania, 20 pp.

Reap, R.M., 1992: Detection of thunderstorms near surface stations by lightning data. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 49-1 to 49-9.

Richard, P., 1992: Severe thunderstorm nowcasting. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 77-1 to 77-9.

Roohr, P.B., and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1992: A comparative analysis of the temporal variability of lightning observations and GOES imagery. Proceedings, International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, October 6-8, Atlantic City, New Jersey, FAA Report DOT/FAA/CT-92/20, 58-1 to 58-15.

Watson, A.I., R.E. López, and R.L. Holle, 1992: Cloud-to-ground lightning and upper-air patterns during bursts and breaks in the southwest monsoon. Proceedings, Fourth Arizona Weather Symposium, June 10-12, Scottsdale, Arizona, 54-60.

Wessels, H.R.A., 1992: Experimental evaluation of an arrival time difference lightning positioning system. Scientific Report WR-92-01, KNMI (Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut), De Bilt, Netherlands, 24 pp.

Western Region, National Weather Service, 1992: LLP and LPATS: Two different lightning mapping technologies. Western Region Technical Attachment 92-22, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4 pp.

1993

Formal

Baral, K.N., and D. Mackerras, 1993: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges in Kathmandu thunderstorms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 10331-10340.

Changnon, S.A., 1993: Relationships between thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 32, 88-105.

Dodge, P.P., and R.W. Burpee, 1993: Characteristics of rainbands, radar echoes, and lightning near the North Carolina coast during GALE. Monthly Weather Review, 121, 1936-1955.

Doswell, C.A., and H.E. Brooks, 1993: Comments on "Anomalous cloud-to-ground lightning in an F5-tornado-producing supercell thunderstorm on 28 August 1990." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74, 2213-2218.

Elson, D.B., 1993: Relating cloud-to-ground lightning to severe weather in Indiana on 2 June 1990. National Weather Digest, 18, 15-21.

Idone, V.P., A.B. Saljoughy, R.W. Henderson, P.K. Moore, and R.B. Pyle, 1993: A reexamination of the peak current calibration of the National Lightning Detection Network. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 18323-18332.

Kane, R.J., 1993: Lightning-rainfall relationships in an isolated thunderstorm over the mid-Atlantic states. National Weather Digest, 18, 2-14.

Marshall, T.C., and W.D. Rust, 1993: Two types of vertical electrical structures in stratiform precipitation regions of mesoscale convective systems. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74, 2159-2170.

Orville, R.E., 1993: Cloud-to-ground lightning in the Blizzard of '93. Geophysical Research Letters, 20, 1367-1370.

-, 1993: Reply to comments. Monthly Weather Review, 121, 1574-1575.

Price, C., and D. Rind, 1993: What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms? Geophysical Research Letters, 20, 463-466.

Rutledge, S.A., E.R. Williams, and W.A. Petersen, 1993: Lightning and electrical structure of mesoscale convective systems. Atmospheric Research, 29, 27-53.

Seimon, A., 1993: Anomalous cloud-to-ground lightning in an F5-tornado-producing supercell thunderstorm on 28 August 1990. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74, 189-203.

-, 1993: Reply to comments on "Anomalous cloud-to-ground lightning in an F5-tornado-producing supercell thunderstorm on 28 August 1990." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74, 2218-2220.

Sentman, D.D., and E.M. Wescott, 1993: Video observations of upper atmospheric optical flashes recorded from an aircraft. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 1205.

Smith, S.B., 1993: Comments on "Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States-1989." Monthly Weather Review, 121, 1572-1573.

Stolzenburg, M., 1993: Electrical and meteorological conditions in the stratiform cloud region of a mesoscale convective system. M.S. Thesis, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 153 pp.

Informal

Anderson, K., 1993: Calculating lightning detection network efficiencies. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 733-738.

Bowden, G., and R.N. Keener, Jr., 1993: Duke Power uses lightning network to reduce crew dispatch costs. EPRI Innovator IN-101090, December.

Canniff, J.F., 1993: Thunderstorm detection: FAA applications for network lightning data. Preprints, 8th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, January 17-22, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 91-92.

Clodman, S., and W. Chisholm, 1993: Storms with very high lightning density in the southern Great Lakes area. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 803-807.

Cummins, K.L., R.O. Burnett, W.L. Hiscox, and A.E. Pifer, 1993: Line reliability and fault analysis using the National Lightning Detection Network. Preprints, Precise Measurements in Power Systems Conference, October 27-29, Arlington, Virginia, II-4.1 to II-4.15.

Forbes, G.S., 1993: Lightning studies using LDAR and LLP data and applications to weather forecasting at KSC. 1993 Research Reports, NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program, C.R. Hosler, C. Valdes and T. Brown, eds., NASA CR-194678, 165-194.

Goodman, S.J., and R. Raghavan, 1993: Investigating the relation between precipitation and lightning using polarimetric radar observations. Preprints, 26th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, May 24-28, Norman, Oklahoma, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

Holle, R.L., R.E. López, R. Ortiz, C.H. Paxton, D.M. Decker, and D.L. Smith, 1993: The local meteorological environment of lightning casualties in central Florida. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 779-784.

Jóhannsdóttir, H., 1993: Comparison of lightning location systems. Technical University of Denmark, Electric Power Engineering Department, Lyngby, Denmark, 203 pp.

Juvanon du Vachat, R., and J.-L. Cheze, 1993: The ASPIC project: Presentation of a short-range forecasting system for storms and precipitations - Preliminary evaluation of the SAFIR lightning system. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 756-760.

Kane, R.J., 1993: Case study of lightning-radar characteristics in a mesoscale convective complex. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 816-822.

Lyons, W.A., and E.R. Williams, 1993: Preliminary investigations of the phenomenology of cloud-to-stratospheric lightning discharges. 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 725-732.

MacGorman, D.R., 1993: Lightning in tornadic storms: A review. In The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophysical Monographs 79, American Geophysical Union, 173-182.

MacGorman, D.R., D.W. Burgess, and C.D. Morgenstern, 1993: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning in tornadic storms and hailstorms. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J34-J39.

-, K.C. Crawford, and H. Xia, 1993: A lightning strike climatology for Oklahoma. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 768-774.

McCollum, D., and R.A. Maddox, 1993: Case study of a severe thunderstorm event over central Arizona. 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 647-651.

Price, C., and D. Rind, 1993: Why does the intracloud/cloud-to-ground lightning ratio decrease with increasing latitude? Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 791-795.

Reap, R.M., 1993: Lightning distributions associated with synoptic map types over Florida. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 761-767.

Ryan, C.J., and B.W. Gunn, 1993: Impact of lightning location data on convection forecasting in New South Wales, Australia. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, J40-J44.

Shore, G., and S. Lane, 1993: The value of various radar and lightning detection systems in short-term forecasts of the development of the Tulsa-Catoosa tornado of April 24, 1993. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 440-441.

Westcott, N.E., 1993: Preliminary examination of urban/rural differences in cloud-to-ground lightning frequency for 19 central United States cities. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms and Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, October 4-8, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 752-755.

Wicklund, G., and G. Youngren, 1993: Operational impact and economic savings of a two-phase lightning warning system for the John F. Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Preprints, 13th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, August 2-6, Vienna, Virginia, 92-95.

1994

Formal

Bosart, L.F., and M.G. Landin, 1994: An assessment of thunderstorm probability forecasting skill. Weather and Forecasting, 9, 522-531.

Clodman, S., and W. Chisholm, 1994: High lightning flash density storms in the southern Great Lakes region. National Weather Digest, 19, 34-44.

Dunn, L.B., and J.D. Horel, 1994: Prediction of central Arizona convection. Part I: Evaluation of the NGM and Eta model precipitation forecasts. Weather and Forecasting, 9, 495-507.

Holle, R.L., A.I. Watson, R.E. López, D.R. MacGorman, R. Ortiz, and W.D. Otto, 1994: The life cycle of lightning and severe weather in a 3-4 June 1985 PRE-STORM mesoscale convective system. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1798-1808.

Hondl, K.D., and M.D. Eilts, 1994: Doppler radar characteristics of thunderstorm initiation in the central Florida environment. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1818-1836.

King, T.S., and R.C. Balling, 1994: Diurnal variations in Arizona monsoon lightning data. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1659-1664.

Lawrence, M.G., W.L. Chameides, P.S. Kasibhatla, H. Levy II, and W. Moxim, 1994: Lightning and atmospheric chemistry: The rate of atmospheric NO production, in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Lyons, W.A., 1994: Low-light video observations of frequent luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1940-1946.

-, 1994: Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video. Geophysical Research Letters, 21, 875.

-, and C.S. Keen, 1994: Observations of lightning in convective supercells within tropical storms and hurricanes. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1897-1916.

MacGorman, D.R., and D.W. Burgess, 1994: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning in tornadic storms and hail storms. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1671-1697.

Molinari, J., P.K. Moore, V.P Idone, R.W. Henderson, and A.B. Saljoughy, 1994: Cloud-to-ground lightning in hurricane Andrew. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 16665-16676.

Nielsen, K.E., R.A. Maddox, and S.V. Vasiloff, 1994: The evolution of cloud-to-ground lightning within a portion of the 10/11 June 1985 squall line. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1809-1817.

Orville, R.E., 1994: Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the contiguous United States: 1989-1991. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 10833-10841.

Price, C., and D. Rind, 1994: Modeling global lightning distributions in a general circulation model. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1930-1939.

Reap, R., 1994: Analysis and prediction of lightning strike distributions associated with synoptic map types over Florida. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1698-1715.

Rutledge, S.A., and W.A. Petersen, 1994: Vertical radar reflectivity structure and cloud-to-ground lightning in the stratiform region of MCSs: Further evidence for in situ charging in the stratiform region. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1760-1776.

Samsury, C.E., and R.E. Orville, 1994: Cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical cyclones: A study of hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Jerry (1989). Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1887-1896.

Stern, A.D., R.H. Brady III, P.D. Moore, and G.M. Carter, 1994: Identification of aviation hazards based on the integration of radar and lightning data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 2269-2280.

Stolzenburg, M., 1994: Observations of high ground flash densities of positive lightning in summertime thunderstorms. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1740-1750.

Tyahla, L.J., and R.E. López, 1994: Effect of surface conductivity on the peak magnetic field radiated by first return strokes in cloud-to-ground lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 10517-10525.

Watson, A.I., R.L. Holle, and R.E. López, 1994: Cloud-to-ground lightning and upper-air patterns during bursts and breaks in the Southwest Monsoon. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1726-1739.

-, R.E. López, and R.L. Holle, 1994: Diurnal cloud-to-ground lightning patterns in Arizona during the Southwest Monsoon. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1716-1725.

Informal

Angle, C.W., and C.R. Hutchinson, 1994: Entergy uses lightning network to improve nuclear plant availability during storms. EPRI Innovator IN-104103, November.

Billingsley, D.B., and M.I. Biggerstaff, 1994: Evolution of cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics in the convective region of a mesoscale convective system. Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 340-344.

Buechler, D.E., H.J. Christian, and S.J. Goodman, 1994: Rainfall estimation using lightning data. Preprints, Seventh Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, June 6-10, Monterey, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

Fister, V., H. von Rheinbaben, and T. Zundl, 1994: Analysis of the 1992 and 1993 lightning data in south Germany. Preprints, 22nd International Conference on Lightning Protection, Budapest, Hungary, 211-216.

Forbes, G.S., 1994: Lightning studies using LDAR and LLP data and applications to weather forecasting at KSC. 1993 Research Reports, NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program, L.A. Anderson, E.R. Hosler, and W. Camp, eds., NASA CR-197448, 205-233.

GeoMet Data Services, 1994: 1989-1993 lightning flash density. Poster, 1 pp. [Available from Global Atmospherics, Inc. 2705 E. Medina Rd., Tucson, AZ 85706.]

Gilmore, M.S. A.H. Perez, R.E. Orville, and L.J. Wicker, 1994: XLIGHT: An interactive lightning analysis and display system. Preprints, 10th International Conference on Interactive information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology. January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 44-47.

Henz, J.F., 1994: The Rifle/Government Creek Flash Flood - May 15, 1993. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Contract No. O.M. and PO. 219837-93, 49 pp.

Holle, R.L., and R.E. López, 1994: Overview of real-time lightning detection systems and their meteorological uses. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL NSSL-102, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma, 68 pp.

-, and -, 1994: Overview of real-time lightning detection systems for use by meteorological services. Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 51, World Meteorological Organization WMO/TD-No. 570, Geneva, Switzerland, 71 pp.

Jesuroga, R.T., and R. Wright, 1994: Identifying hazardous airspace areas for air traffic using lightning data. Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 374-377.

Kawasaki, Z.I., K. Yamamoto, K. Masura, P. Richard, T. Matsumi, Y. Sonoi, and N. Shimokura. 1994: SAFIR operation and evaluation of its performance. Geophysical Research Letters, 21, 1133-1136.

Laroche, P., A. Bondiou, P. Blanchet, and J. Pigere, 1994: 3D VHF mapping of lightning discharge within a storm. ONERA, SEE "Foudre et Montagne 94", Chamonix (France), 6-8 juin 1994, 6 pp.

Lucas, C., and R.E. Orville, 1994: TOGA COARE: Oceanic lightning. Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 383-389.

Lyons, W.A., J.L. Eastman, R.A. Pielke, A. Biazar, and R. McNider, 1994: Some preliminary characteristics of cloud-to-stratosphere "lightning" and considerations for its detection.. Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 360-367.

Martín, F., F. Elizaga, O. Carretero, and R. Riosalido, 1994: Sistemas convectivos de mesoescala - Campaña PREVIMET Mediterráneo-93. Servicio de Tecnicas de Analisis y Prediccion Nota Tecnica No. 15, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologica, Madrid, Spain.

-, L. Estaban, and M. Canalejo, 1994: Estudio de los sistemas convectivos de mesoescala del 8-9 de Octubre de 1992. Servicio de Tecnicas de Analisis y Prediccion Nota Tecnica No. 16, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologica, Madrid, Spain.

Meier, K.W., and F. Mosher, 1994: Lightning detection: A status report. Western Region Technical Attachment 94-24, National Weather Service, NOAA, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2 pp.

Meisner, B.N., M.H. McCutchan, J.W. Benoit, B. Ly, and D. Albright, 1994: A lightning fire ignition assessment model. Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 368-373

Mosher, F.R., 1994: Lightning from non-thunderstorm clouds? Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 351-354.

Orville, R.E., E.J. Zipser, and C. Weidman, 1994: TOGA COARE: Results from a lightning direction finder network in the remote western Pacific Ocean. Preprints, Symposium on the Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 378-382.

Reap, R.M., 1994: Climatology of lightning frequency. Southern Region Technical Attachment 94-63, National Weather Service, NOAA, Fort Worth, Texas, 15 November, 4 pp.

Royal Meteorological Society, 1994: Scientific statement on lightning. Weather, 49, 27-33.

Schaub, W.R., and B.M. Bjornson, 1994: Lightning climatology for Eglin AFB, Florida. Preprints, Symposium on Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 332-339.

Seimon, A., and D. Fitzjarrald, 1994: Topographic influences on mesocyclone evolution and storm structure in an extreme supercell thunderstorm over rough terrain. Preprints, 6th Conference on Mesoscale Processes, July 17-22, Portland, Oregon, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 513-514.

Smith, S.B., J.G. LaDue, and D.R. MacGorman, 1994: Intensification of tornadic storms in relation to their mesoscale environment. Preprints, 6th Conference on Mesoscale Processes, July 17-22, Portland, Oregon, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 205-208.

Watson, A.I., and R.L. Holle, 1994: The relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and WSR-88D VIL and cloud-top information. Preprints, Symposium on Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Information, January 23-28, Nashville, Tennessee, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 325-331.

1995

Formal

Biazar, A.P., and R.T. McNider, 1995: Regional estimates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 22861-22874.

Boccippio, D.J., E.R. Williams, S.J. Heckman, W.A. Lyons, I.T. Baker, and R. Boldi, 1995: Sprites, ELF transients, and positive ground strokes. Science, 269, 1088-1091.

Fosdick, E.K., and A.I. Watson, 1995: Cloud-to-ground lightning patterns in New Mexico during the summer. National Weather Digest, 19, 17-24.

Freedman, J.M., 1995: Winter season positive cloud-to-g